{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157249569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074781","title":"Vector Modulator-Based Analog Beamforming Using the Least Euclidean Distance Criterion","display_name":"Vector Modulator-Based Analog Beamforming Using the Least Euclidean Distance Criterion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157249569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074781","mag":"3157249569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074781","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410225.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051208737","display_name":"Masoud Abbasi Alaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-5013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Masoud Abbasi Alaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078037091","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 B.J. Kokkeler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9259-1172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre B. J. Kokkeler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085616535","display_name":"Pieter-Tjerk de Boer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-5295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pieter-Tjerk De Boer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051208737"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2032,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49475179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"65411","last_page":"65417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6546580195426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.5956581830978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5832944512367249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5120547413825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.500063419342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.4856344759464264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.45829328894615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4556368887424469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41321030259132385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.39003831148147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22781947255134583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14994528889656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12768509984016418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.09737548232078552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6546580195426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.5956581830978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5832944512367249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5120547413825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.500063419342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.4856344759464264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45829328894615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4556368887424469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41321030259132385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.39003831148147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22781947255134583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14994528889656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12768509984016418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.09737548232078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074781","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/c627e0d2-62cd-41d5-85ad-8c0e6784e742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/c627e0d2-62cd-41d5-85ad-8c0e6784e742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alaei, M A, Kokkeler, A B J & de Boer, P-T 2021, 'Vector Modulator-Based Analog Beamforming Using the Least Euclidean Distance Criterion', IEEE Access, vol. 9, 9410225, pp. 65411-65417. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3074781","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/c627e0d2-62cd-41d5-85ad-8c0e6784e742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85104611838&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/292051042/Vector_Modulator.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Alaei, M A, Kokkeler, A B J & de Boer, P-T 2021, 'Vector Modulator-Based Analog Beamforming Using the Least Euclidean Distance Criterion', IEEE Access, vol. 9, 9410225, pp. 65411-65417. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3074781","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:998452868e6243ddbeb2d4be54b53cc2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/998452868e6243ddbeb2d4be54b53cc2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 65411-65417 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074781","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4667412130","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"14689","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G629491556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NWO)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157249569.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157249569.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041287972","https://openalex.org/W2155174176","https://openalex.org/W2155678104","https://openalex.org/W2167956149","https://openalex.org/W2170510856","https://openalex.org/W2171717266","https://openalex.org/W2291963225","https://openalex.org/W2481281758","https://openalex.org/W2492580272","https://openalex.org/W2523875698","https://openalex.org/W2569734914","https://openalex.org/W2594815956","https://openalex.org/W2595511876","https://openalex.org/W2613992362","https://openalex.org/W2765671503","https://openalex.org/W2790038676","https://openalex.org/W2909794597","https://openalex.org/W2934678081","https://openalex.org/W2972198638","https://openalex.org/W2979691550","https://openalex.org/W6723287150","https://openalex.org/W6734551065"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4294316133","https://openalex.org/W2143089067","https://openalex.org/W2132687327","https://openalex.org/W1964845213","https://openalex.org/W2806213293","https://openalex.org/W2111059075","https://openalex.org/W4388305607","https://openalex.org/W2078814932","https://openalex.org/W50038661","https://openalex.org/W2963170046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,42,70],"traditional":[1],"multiple-input":[2],"multiple-output":[3],"(MIMO)":[4],"receivers,":[5],"radio":[6],"frequency":[7],"(RF)":[8],"front-ends":[9],"are":[10],"exposed":[11],"to":[12,34,56,72,112,129,152],"interference":[13,58,132,161],"as":[14],"no":[15],"analog":[16,33,48,62,74,115],"spatial":[17],"filtering":[18],"is":[19,30,127],"employed":[20],"before":[21],"the":[22,27,61,66,87,114,131,137,145],"digital":[23,35],"beamforming":[24,49],"stage.":[25],"Therefore":[26],"RF":[28,146],"front-end":[29],"power-hungry,":[31],"and":[32,100,107,140],"converters":[36],"require":[37],"a":[38,93,141],"high":[39],"dynamic":[40],"range.":[41],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"consider":[46],"an":[47,105,125],"system":[50],"in":[51,60,144,155],"case":[52],"of":[53,95],"narrowband":[54],"signals":[55],"cancel":[57],"early":[59],"domain,":[63],"thus":[64],"reducing":[65],"required":[67],"ADC":[68],"resolution.":[69],"contrast":[71],"existing":[73],"beamformers":[75],"with":[76,97],"only":[77],"phase":[78],"shifts,":[79],"our":[80],"proposed":[81,138],"design":[82],"employs":[83],"vector":[84,142],"modulators":[85],"where":[86],"coefficients":[88,117],"can":[89],"be":[90],"selected":[91],"from":[92],"set":[94],"weights":[96],"variable":[98],"phases":[99],"amplitudes.":[101],"We":[102],"also":[103],"propose":[104],"efficient":[106],"fast":[108],"Euclidean":[109],"distance":[110],"algorithm":[111,139,150],"determine":[113],"beamformer":[116],"while":[118],"being":[119],"suitable":[120],"for":[121],"realistic":[122],"scenarios.":[123],"Finally,":[124],"expression":[126],"introduced":[128,149],"estimate":[130],"rejection":[133],"achieved":[134],"by":[135,158],"employing":[136],"modulator":[143],"domain.":[147],"The":[148],"leads":[151],"considerable":[153],"improvement":[154],"computational":[156],"complexity":[157],"slightly":[159],"sacrificing":[160],"rejection.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
