{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158359482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074708","title":"Persistent Fault Analysis Against SM4 Implementations in Libraries Crypto++ and GMSSL","display_name":"Persistent Fault Analysis Against SM4 Implementations in Libraries Crypto++ and GMSSL","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158359482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074708","mag":"3158359482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074708","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410242.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410242.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101960445","display_name":"Qing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8261-8127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8261-8127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058468155","display_name":"Zhenhan Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8929-9779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhan Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8929-9779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440547","display_name":"Siyuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-0236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-0236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035616913","display_name":"Shihui Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6360-5777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihui Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6360-5777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8189,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77219989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"63636","last_page":"63645"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7188359498977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.707836389541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.4718261659145355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.44105881452560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4357718527317047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4281073212623596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4205377697944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.4148687720298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41168659925460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18195289373397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.18055111169815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1550176441669464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11372736096382141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7188359498977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.707836389541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.4718261659145355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.44105881452560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4357718527317047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4281073212623596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4205377697944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.4148687720298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41168659925460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18195289373397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.18055111169815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1550176441669464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11372736096382141}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074708","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410242.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:af35db98823a4414a743cecf07f8b981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/af35db98823a4414a743cecf07f8b981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 63636-63645 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074708","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410242.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2486334510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5724541029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201906475014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6743967440","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0803001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8402907112","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0803001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158359482.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158359482.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106587005","https://openalex.org/W154022573","https://openalex.org/W1565579953","https://openalex.org/W1829732909","https://openalex.org/W2034719873","https://openalex.org/W2086354618","https://openalex.org/W2089036613","https://openalex.org/W2170489924","https://openalex.org/W2252688270","https://openalex.org/W2356230688","https://openalex.org/W2360496065","https://openalex.org/W2897622948","https://openalex.org/W2991227787","https://openalex.org/W3006402396","https://openalex.org/W3013309564","https://openalex.org/W3014603789","https://openalex.org/W4230984038","https://openalex.org/W6633962934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W2144453115","https://openalex.org/W2744553356","https://openalex.org/W2128223750","https://openalex.org/W4238532390","https://openalex.org/W2798215405","https://openalex.org/W2990962948","https://openalex.org/W2188872161","https://openalex.org/W4388857716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compared":[0],"to":[1,85,196],"the":[2,16,24,39,44,51,56,71,95,106,110,142,155,160,166,179,194,203,207],"injection":[3,17],"of":[4,19,128,157,168,182,206],"a":[5,20,82,101,118,139],"transient":[6],"fault,":[7],"time":[8],"synchronization":[9],"and":[10,132,141,200],"accuracy":[11],"are":[12,136,145,189],"not":[13,33,88],"required":[14],"for":[15],"process":[18,97],"persistent":[21],"fault.":[22],"However,":[23],"known":[25],"<italic":[26,58,208],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[27,59,209],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">persistent":[28,60],"fault":[29,61,102],"analyses</i>":[30],"(PFAs)":[31],"do":[32],"work":[34],"on":[35,124,138,173],"SM4":[36,64,115,129,183,198],"implementations":[37,127,199],"because":[38],"linear":[40,73],"transformation":[41,74],"layer":[42],"hides":[43],"position":[45],"where":[46,90,100],"an":[47,67,91],"error":[48,92],"occurs":[49,93],"during":[50,94],"encryption":[52,96,161,180],"process.":[53],"We":[54,120],"present":[55],"first":[57],"analysis</i>":[62],"against":[63],"implemented":[65,116],"with":[66,75,117],"S-box":[68],"by":[69],"combining":[70],"inverse":[72],"differential":[76],"techniques.":[77],"In":[78],"addition,":[79],"we":[80,192],"propose":[81],"locating":[83,111],"algorithm":[84,112],"figure":[86],"out":[87],"only":[89],"but":[98],"also":[99],"is":[103,171],"inserted":[104],"in":[105,147,184],"lookup":[107],"table.":[108],"Consequently,":[109],"helps":[113],"break":[114,178],"T-table.":[119],"validate":[121],"our":[122,217],"PFA":[123,176],"two":[125],"open-source":[126],"\u2013":[130],"Crypto++(v8.3)":[131],"GMSSL(v1.0.0).":[133],"The":[134,150],"experiments":[135],"performed":[137],"PC":[140],"analysis":[143],"codes":[144],"written":[146],"C":[148],"language.":[149],"experimental":[151],"data":[152],"shows":[153],"that":[154,202],"probability":[156],"successfully":[158],"recovering":[159],"key":[162],"approximates":[163],"1":[164],"when":[165],"number":[167],"normal-and-faulty-ciphertext":[169],"pairs":[170],"3000":[172],"average.":[174],"Namely,":[175],"can":[177,215],"system":[181],"practice":[185],"once":[186],"valid":[187],"faults":[188],"inserted.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"apply":[193],"attack":[195],"protected":[197],"prove":[201],"E-and-D":[204],"mode":[205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">dual":[210],"modular":[211],"temporal":[212],"redundancy</i>":[213],"(DMTR)":[214],"defeat":[216],"PFA.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
