{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3155837749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074350","title":"Deep Learning Empowered Semi-Blind Joint Detection in Cooperative NOMA","display_name":"Deep Learning Empowered Semi-Blind Joint Detection in Cooperative NOMA","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3155837749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074350","mag":"3155837749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074350","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09409081.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09409081.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087292944","display_name":"Ahmet Emi\u0307r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8038-2747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017902709","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dvabv26","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Emir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Technologies Laboratory (WCTLab), Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8038-2747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Technologies Laboratory (WCTLab), Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077024961","display_name":"Ferdi Kara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-5200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017902709","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dvabv26","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferdi Kara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","Wireless Communication Technologies Laboratory (WCTLab), Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-5200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Technologies Laboratory (WCTLab), Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080236992","display_name":"Hakan Kaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-5363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017902709","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dvabv26","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakan Kaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Technologies Laboratory (WCTLab), Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-5363","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Technologies Laboratory (WCTLab), Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035446029","display_name":"Halim Yan\u0131k\u00f6mero\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halim Yanikomeroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.5426,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89667161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"61832","last_page":"61852"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noma","display_name":"Noma","score":0.8784865140914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7681662440299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-fading","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","score":0.6960902810096741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6502538919448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-antenna-interference-cancellation","display_name":"Single antenna interference cancellation","score":0.6489392518997192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.6040805578231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiuser-detection","display_name":"Multiuser detection","score":0.5209314227104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5160019397735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-gain","display_name":"Diversity gain","score":0.5015614032745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximal-ratio-combining","display_name":"Maximal-ratio combining","score":0.500788688659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.4784707725048065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.444861501455307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4165738821029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3150442838668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.246222585439682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.06048586964607239}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775918612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994794","display_name":"Noma","level":3,"score":0.8784865140914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7681662440299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56985126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854039","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","level":4,"score":0.6960902810096741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6502538919448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83204339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523915","display_name":"Single antenna interference cancellation","level":3,"score":0.6489392518997192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.6040805578231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777104032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16324514","display_name":"Multiuser detection","level":3,"score":0.5209314227104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5160019397735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164785522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283966","display_name":"Diversity gain","level":4,"score":0.5015614032745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86024645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795632","display_name":"Maximal-ratio combining","level":4,"score":0.500788688659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.4784707725048065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.444861501455307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4165738821029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3150442838668823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.246222585439682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.06048586964607239}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074350","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09409081.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:acikarsiv.beun.edu.tr:20.500.12628/25955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12628/25955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055168","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f2c4e610f3bf41f2b4138f89f2864c04","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f2c4e610f3bf41f2b4138f89f2864c04","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 61832-61852 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074350","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09409081.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3155837749.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3155837749.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1922937245","https://openalex.org/W1958281780","https://openalex.org/W2052190282","https://openalex.org/W2053346464","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2103972037","https://openalex.org/W2150127333","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2523159818","https://openalex.org/W2565446012","https://openalex.org/W2734408173","https://openalex.org/W2736068844","https://openalex.org/W2769456309","https://openalex.org/W2784180017","https://openalex.org/W2808769300","https://openalex.org/W2886374543","https://openalex.org/W2896510736","https://openalex.org/W2896666719","https://openalex.org/W2897920400","https://openalex.org/W2899216320","https://openalex.org/W2909191390","https://openalex.org/W2914257254","https://openalex.org/W2943553504","https://openalex.org/W2946774101","https://openalex.org/W2947900296","https://openalex.org/W2963182284","https://openalex.org/W2963190722","https://openalex.org/W2963290405","https://openalex.org/W2963504849","https://openalex.org/W2963889719","https://openalex.org/W2964121960","https://openalex.org/W2965769574","https://openalex.org/W2966796451","https://openalex.org/W2968223228","https://openalex.org/W2969671833","https://openalex.org/W2972747336","https://openalex.org/W2976679379","https://openalex.org/W2981838423","https://openalex.org/W2985468044","https://openalex.org/W2998795925","https://openalex.org/W3004968144","https://openalex.org/W3022249012","https://openalex.org/W3026627067","https://openalex.org/W3031798322","https://openalex.org/W3040349383","https://openalex.org/W3044251643","https://openalex.org/W3095993233","https://openalex.org/W3100776204","https://openalex.org/W3105650387","https://openalex.org/W3119843864","https://openalex.org/W3129254582","https://openalex.org/W3133092945","https://openalex.org/W6776384910","https://openalex.org/W6788993874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3039370918","https://openalex.org/W2980162015","https://openalex.org/W2769732439","https://openalex.org/W2370038111","https://openalex.org/W4361208685","https://openalex.org/W4297882612","https://openalex.org/W4235843916","https://openalex.org/W3214327504","https://openalex.org/W4387429616","https://openalex.org/W4308092590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,185,254],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,130,166,298],"propose":[4],"a":[5,21,47,227,237,258,375],"multi-user":[6,103],"symbol":[7,104],"detection":[8,23,105,138],"in":[9,25,196,210,280],"cooperative-non-orthogonal":[10],"multiple":[11],"access":[12],"(C-NOMA)":[13],"schemes":[14],"via":[15],"deep":[16],"learning":[17],"(DL).":[18],"We":[19,118,140,321],"use":[20,131,299],"DL-based":[22],"(DLDet)":[24],"both":[26,78,172],"users":[27,79],"instead":[28],"of":[29,145,217,244,275,291,410,421],"conventional":[30,151,327,337],"detectors.":[31],"Therefore,":[32],"an":[33,87,136,304],"iterative":[34],"detector":[35,51,306],"(i.e.,":[36,52,182,311,387],"successive":[37],"interference":[38],"canceler":[39],"(SIC))":[40],"at":[41,61,76,99],"the":[42,62,77,82,94,100,110,120,132,142,146,159,169,178,206,214,218,220,232,242,245,248,273,276,283,289,292,300,324,336,351,357,371,383,408,411,416,422],"near":[43],"user":[44,64],"(UE1)":[45],"and":[46,57,128,153,174,176,193,198,236,319,333,339,359,402,413],"combining":[48,55],"plus":[49],"optimum":[50,233],"maximum":[53],"ratio":[54],"(MRC)":[56],"maximum-likelihood":[58],"(ML)":[59],"detector)":[60],"far":[63],"(UE2)":[65],"are":[66,226,364],"not":[67,85,251],"required":[68],"anymore.":[69],"The":[70,102,268,379],"proposed":[71,121],"DLDet":[72,83,122,134,147,170,269,277,293,302,325,352,372,380,412,417],"can":[73],"detect":[74],"symbols":[75],"simultaneously.":[80],"Besides,":[81,184],"does":[84],"require":[86],"additional":[88],"channel":[89,95,127],"estimation":[90],"algorithm":[91],"to":[92,190,212,230,264,287,366],"acquire":[93],"state":[96],"information":[97],"(CSI)":[98],"receivers.":[101],"is":[106,188,202,250,262,278,344,427],"performed":[107],"based":[108],"on":[109],"received":[111],"pilot":[112,377],"responses":[113],"simultaneously,":[114],"thus":[115],"calling":[116],"semi-blind.":[117],"train":[119],"offline":[123],"over":[124,162,307,329,346],"Rayleigh":[125,163,347],"fading":[126,164,296,309,331,348,423,431],"then,":[129],"offline-trained":[133,301],"as":[135,303],"online":[137,305],"algorithm.":[139],"compare":[141],"error":[143,215,284],"performance":[144,186,216,239,355],"with":[148,282],"two":[149,223],"benchmarks:":[150],"C-NOMA":[152,156,173,197,338,358],"threshold-based":[154],"selective":[155],"(TBS-C-NOMA).":[157],"With":[158],"extensive":[160],"simulations":[161],"channels,":[165],"reveal":[167,288],"that":[168,323,415],"outperforms":[171,326,335],"TBS-C-NOMA":[175,221,261,340,360],"achieves":[177],"full":[179,384],"diversity":[180,385],"order":[181,211,386],"2).":[183],"gain":[187],"up":[189],"~10":[191],"dB":[192,195],"~3-7":[194],"TBS-C-NOMA,":[199],"respectively,":[200],"which":[201,225],"very":[203],"promising":[204],"for":[205,394,404,429],"energy-limited":[207],"networks.":[208],"Moreover,":[209],"improve":[213],"C-NOMA,":[219],"introduces":[222],"disadvantages,":[224],"signaling":[228],"overhead":[229],"obtain":[231],"threshold":[234,249],"value":[235],"capacity":[238],"decay":[240],"due":[241],"silence":[243],"relay":[246],"when":[247],"satisfied.":[252],"To":[253],"end,":[255],"without":[256],"using":[257],"threshold,":[259],"outperforming":[260],"essential":[263],"revoke":[265],"these":[266],"disadvantages.":[267],"accomplish":[270],"this;":[271],"hence,":[272],"power":[274],"unveiled":[279],"coping":[281],"propagation.":[285],"Then,":[286],"robustness":[290,409],"against":[294],"different":[295,308],"conditions,":[297],"channels":[310,332],"Nakagami-":[312,395],"<inline-formula":[313,388,396],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[314,389,397],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[315,390,398],"<tex-math":[316,391,399],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$m$":[317,400],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[318,393,401],"Rician).":[320,405],"show":[322],"detectors":[328],"those":[330],"again":[334,381],"performances,":[341],"although":[342],"it":[343,426],"trained":[345,428],"channel.":[349,432],"Indeed,":[350],"has":[353],"better":[354],"than":[356],"even":[361],"though":[362],"they":[363],"assumed":[365],"have":[367],"perfect":[368],"CSI":[369],"whereas":[370],"uses":[373],"only":[374],"single":[376],"signal.":[378],"provides":[382],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2m$":[392],"2":[403],"This":[406],"proves":[407],"shows":[414],"performs":[418],"well":[419],"regardless":[420],"conditions":[424],"once":[425],"any":[430]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}