{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3156911071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074268","title":"A Novel Dynamic Attack on Classical Ciphers Using an Attention-Based LSTM Encoder-Decoder Model","display_name":"A Novel Dynamic Attack on Classical Ciphers Using an Attention-Based LSTM Encoder-Decoder Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3156911071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074268","mag":"3156911071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074268","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09408655.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09408655.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088268622","display_name":"Ezat Ahmadzadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ezat Ahmadzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101568462","display_name":"Hyunil Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4018-4540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunil Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4018-4540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022484420","display_name":"Ongee Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6276-9769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ongee Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6276-9769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088864309","display_name":"Inkyu Moon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0882-8585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inkyu Moon","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0882-8585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.539,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85803667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"60960","last_page":"60970"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8112151026725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.7383012771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptanalysis","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","score":0.6194804906845093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-cipher","display_name":"Stream cipher","score":0.4841940701007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.47621020674705505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.47222092747688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.4545232355594635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43317273259162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.37713512778282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37580108642578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.28751203417778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07982876896858215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8112151026725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.7383012771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181149355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897511","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","level":3,"score":0.6194804906845093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.4841940701007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47621020674705505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.47222092747688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.4545232355594635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43317273259162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.37713512778282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37580108642578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.28751203417778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07982876896858215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074268","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09408655.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f2569061de514b439bf47379381ae840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f2569061de514b439bf47379381ae840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 60960-60970 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074268","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09408655.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1568234472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-00126","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8125359987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-00126","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156911071.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156911071.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576269089","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W2060686275","https://openalex.org/W2068590323","https://openalex.org/W2129677775","https://openalex.org/W2148062862","https://openalex.org/W2183726828","https://openalex.org/W2211192759","https://openalex.org/W2254361154","https://openalex.org/W2531738943","https://openalex.org/W2784107021","https://openalex.org/W2811230938","https://openalex.org/W2903010870","https://openalex.org/W2911752708","https://openalex.org/W2912165583","https://openalex.org/W2912639359","https://openalex.org/W2913096296","https://openalex.org/W2913125146","https://openalex.org/W2947144452","https://openalex.org/W2953491861","https://openalex.org/W2962801086","https://openalex.org/W2963908579","https://openalex.org/W2966614482","https://openalex.org/W2969889150","https://openalex.org/W2972178360","https://openalex.org/W2972848526","https://openalex.org/W2973231515","https://openalex.org/W2973946059","https://openalex.org/W3005432585","https://openalex.org/W3010770988","https://openalex.org/W3014001067","https://openalex.org/W3014997656","https://openalex.org/W3015770805","https://openalex.org/W3023176652","https://openalex.org/W3026656079","https://openalex.org/W3043009053","https://openalex.org/W3043071284","https://openalex.org/W3047359554","https://openalex.org/W3094622346","https://openalex.org/W3101334132","https://openalex.org/W4255958460","https://openalex.org/W6634632004","https://openalex.org/W6686288374","https://openalex.org/W6691661685","https://openalex.org/W6728667931","https://openalex.org/W6748182923","https://openalex.org/W6757270403","https://openalex.org/W6777027380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2997530193","https://openalex.org/W4310649982","https://openalex.org/W2942137924","https://openalex.org/W4236344152","https://openalex.org/W4250096293","https://openalex.org/W4395066784","https://openalex.org/W2011667854","https://openalex.org/W2802117553","https://openalex.org/W1967729419","https://openalex.org/W1589129854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"security":[1],"has":[2,20,218,240],"become":[3],"an":[4,47,105,128,236],"intrinsic":[5],"part":[6],"of":[7,57,68,144,150,156,176,208,228],"data":[8,37,44],"communication.":[9],"Cryptanalysis":[10],"using":[11,127],"deep":[12],"learning\u2013based":[13],"methods":[14],"to":[15,84,92,108,122,169,221,243],"identify":[16],"weaknesses":[17],"in":[18,35,95,141,172,179],"ciphers":[19,125,178],"not":[21],"been":[22,241],"thoroughly":[23],"studied.":[24],"Recently,":[25],"long":[26,198],"short-term":[27],"memory":[28],"(LSTM)":[29],"networks":[30],"have":[31],"shown":[32],"promising":[33],"performance":[34,206],"sequential":[36,58,112],"processing":[38,113],"by":[39,54,126],"modeling":[40],"the":[41,64,69,89,110,157,209,219,226,233],"dependencies":[42],"and":[43,51,146,154,181,197],"dynamics.":[45],"Given":[46],"encrypted":[48],"ciphertext":[49,80,134,145,199],"sequence":[50,81,135,143,149],"corresponding":[52],"plaintext,":[53],"taking":[55],"advantage":[56],"processing,":[59],"LSTM":[60,83,111,130,238],"can":[61],"adaptively":[62],"discover":[63],"decryption":[65],"function":[66],"regardless":[67],"complexity":[70],"level,":[71],"which":[72],"substantially":[73],"outperforms":[74],"traditional":[75],"methods.":[76,214],"However,":[77],"a":[78,93,118,142,148,205],"lengthy":[79],"causes":[82],"lose":[85],"important":[86],"information":[87],"along":[88],"sequence,":[90],"leading":[91],"decrease":[94],"network":[96],"performance.":[97],"To":[98,225],"tackle":[99],"these":[100],"problems,":[101],"we":[102,203],"propose":[103],"adding":[104],"attention":[106],"mechanism":[107],"enhance":[109],"power.":[114],"This":[115],"paper":[116],"presents":[117],"novel,":[119],"dynamic":[120],"way":[121],"attack":[123,222,244],"classical":[124,164,177,245],"attention-based":[129,237],"encoder-decoder":[131,239],"for":[132],"different":[133,163],"lengths.":[136,200],"The":[137,152,215],"proposed":[138,158,210,216],"approach":[139,217],"takes":[140],"outputs":[147],"plaintext.":[151],"effectiveness":[153],"flexibility":[155],"model":[159],"were":[160],"evaluated":[161],"on":[162,192],"ciphers.":[165,224,246],"We":[166,184],"got":[167],"close":[168],"100%":[170],"accuracy":[171],"breaking":[173],"all":[174],"types":[175],"character-level":[180],"word-level":[182],"attacks.":[183],"empirically":[185],"provide":[186,204],"further":[187],"insights":[188],"into":[189],"our":[190,229],"results":[191],"two":[193],"datasets":[194],"with":[195],"short":[196],"In":[201],"addition,":[202],"comparison":[207],"method":[211],"against":[212],"state-of-the-art":[213],"potential":[220],"modern":[223],"best":[227],"knowledge,":[230],"this":[231],"is":[232],"first":[234],"time":[235],"applied":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}