{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3155870693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3073921","title":"Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Network With Feature Preservation and Autotuned Thresholding for Crack Detection","display_name":"Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Network With Feature Preservation and Autotuned Thresholding for Crack Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3155870693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3073921","mag":"3155870693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3073921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3073921","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09406809.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09406809.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005549803","display_name":"Qiuchen Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-9925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuchen Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-9925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040769777","display_name":"Tran Hiep Dinh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-0032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177233841","display_name":"Vietnam National University, Hanoi","ror":"https://ror.org/02jmfj006","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177233841"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tran Hiep Dinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering Mechanics and Automation, University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam","UTS-VNU Joint Technology and Innovation Research Centre (JTIRC), Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-0032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering Mechanics and Automation, University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177233841"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UTS-VNU Joint Technology and Innovation Research Centre (JTIRC), Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004803753","display_name":"Manh Duong Phung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5247-6180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177233841","display_name":"Vietnam National University, Hanoi","ror":"https://ror.org/02jmfj006","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177233841"]}],"countries":["AU","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manh Duong Phung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam","School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5247-6180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177233841"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069849643","display_name":"Q. P. Ha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-1758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quang Phuc Ha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-1758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.8697,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95644358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"60201","last_page":"60214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11850","display_name":"Concrete Corrosion and Durability","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8075955510139465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7429531216621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.7032330632209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6888659000396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6320785284042358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5756868124008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5128495693206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44307392835617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3952937722206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3057189881801605}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8075955510139465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7429531216621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.7032330632209778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6888659000396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6320785284042358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5756868124008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5128495693206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44307392835617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3952937722206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3057189881801605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3073921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3073921","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09406809.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.10511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.10511","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.10511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7cdd75af201b44f5ab4533588942409d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7cdd75af201b44f5ab4533588942409d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 60201-60214 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/148220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/148220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3073921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3073921","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09406809.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3155870693.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3155870693.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W845365781","https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1772076007","https://openalex.org/W1969305618","https://openalex.org/W1986306729","https://openalex.org/W2037954058","https://openalex.org/W2051084846","https://openalex.org/W2090026077","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2171783278","https://openalex.org/W2296609147","https://openalex.org/W2407692387","https://openalex.org/W2511065100","https://openalex.org/W2560622558","https://openalex.org/W2569272946","https://openalex.org/W2735386636","https://openalex.org/W2748643398","https://openalex.org/W2765854388","https://openalex.org/W2799323087","https://openalex.org/W2800343216","https://openalex.org/W2883867629","https://openalex.org/W2884786778","https://openalex.org/W2887092226","https://openalex.org/W2899242765","https://openalex.org/W2905163589","https://openalex.org/W2912350898","https://openalex.org/W2912530595","https://openalex.org/W2941356554","https://openalex.org/W2945897706","https://openalex.org/W2953604211","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963058055","https://openalex.org/W2963299740","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964052394","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964308596","https://openalex.org/W2967597237","https://openalex.org/W2973830083","https://openalex.org/W2979396152","https://openalex.org/W2989673213","https://openalex.org/W2994615081","https://openalex.org/W2997119223","https://openalex.org/W2998997213","https://openalex.org/W3002978252","https://openalex.org/W3009428189","https://openalex.org/W3040156639","https://openalex.org/W3099564553","https://openalex.org/W3104979525","https://openalex.org/W4239147634","https://openalex.org/W4241071816","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6771637093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542224353","https://openalex.org/W1661087619","https://openalex.org/W2116854923","https://openalex.org/W2750730210","https://openalex.org/W2236974868","https://openalex.org/W4312766348","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drone":[0],"imagery":[1],"is":[2,69,78,118,141,162],"increasingly":[3],"used":[4],"in":[5,13,89,232],"automated":[6],"inspection":[7],"for":[8,32,60,190,223,260],"infrastructure":[9],"surface":[10,146,150,261],"defects,":[11],"especially":[12,222],"hazardous":[14],"or":[15,154],"unreachable":[16],"environments.":[17],"In":[18],"machine":[19],"vision,":[20],"the":[21,72,82,87,90,96,103,108,121,131,135,149,176,194,215,243,253,256],"key":[22],"to":[23,81,85,101,144,169],"crack":[24,198],"detection":[25],"rests":[26],"with":[27,50,159,226],"robust":[28],"and":[29,54,167],"accurate":[30],"algorithms":[31],"image":[33,61],"processing.":[34],"To":[35],"this":[36,38],"end,":[37],"paper":[39],"proposes":[40],"a":[41,64,111,170,208],"deep":[42],"learning":[43],"approach":[44,117],"using":[45],"hierarchical":[46],"convolutional":[47,76],"neural":[48],"networks":[49,68],"feature":[51,104],"preservation":[52],"(HCNNFP)":[53],"an":[55,227],"intercontrast":[56],"iterative":[57],"thresholding":[58,115],"algorithm":[59],"binarization.":[62],"First,":[63],"set":[65],"of":[66,74,126,134,151,172,193,229,234,255],"branch":[67],"proposed,":[70],"wherein":[71],"output":[73],"previous":[75],"blocks":[77],"half-sizedly":[79],"concatenated":[80],"current":[83],"ones":[84],"reduce":[86],"obscuration":[88],"down-sampling":[91],"stage":[92],"taking":[93],"into":[94],"account":[95],"overall":[97],"information":[98],"loss.":[99],"Next,":[100],"extract":[102],"map":[105,133],"generated":[106],"from":[107],"enhanced":[109],"HCNN,":[110],"binary":[112],"contrast-based":[113],"autotuned":[114],"(CBAT)":[116],"developed":[119],"at":[120],"post-processing":[122],"step,":[123],"where":[124],"patterns":[125],"interest":[127],"are":[128],"clustered":[129],"within":[130],"probability":[132],"identified":[136],"features.":[137],"The":[138,211],"proposed":[139,212,257],"technique":[140,213],"then":[142],"applied":[143],"identify":[145],"cracks":[147],"on":[148,164,197,218],"roads,":[152],"bridges":[153],"pavements.":[155],"An":[156],"extensive":[157],"comparison":[158],"existing":[160,216],"techniques":[161],"conducted":[163],"various":[165,219],"datasets":[166,221],"subject":[168],"number":[171],"evaluation":[173],"criteria":[174],"including":[175,200],"average":[177],"F-measure":[178],"(":[179],"<inline-formula":[180,235],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[181,236],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[182,237],"<tex-math":[183,238],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$AF_\\beta":[184,239],"$":[185,240],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[186,241],")":[187],"introduced":[188],"here":[189],"dynamic":[191],"quantification":[192],"performance.":[195],"Experiments":[196],"images,":[199],"those":[201],"captured":[202],"by":[203,248],"unmanned":[204],"aerial":[205],"vehicles":[206],"inspecting":[207],"monorail":[209],"bridge.":[210],"outperforms":[214],"methods":[217],"tested":[220],"GAPs":[224],"dataset":[225],"increase":[228],"about":[230],"1.4%":[231],"terms":[233],"while":[242],"mean":[244],"percentage":[245],"error":[246],"drops":[247],"2.2%.":[249],"Such":[250],"performance":[251],"demonstrates":[252],"merits":[254],"HCNNFP":[258],"architecture":[259],"defect":[262],"inspection.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}