{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3156724180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3072914","title":"Investigation of the Factors Influencing the Crash Frequency in Expressway Tunnels: Considering Excess Zero Observations and Unobserved Heterogeneity","display_name":"Investigation of the Factors Influencing the Crash Frequency in Expressway Tunnels: Considering Excess Zero Observations and Unobserved Heterogeneity","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3156724180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3072914","mag":"3156724180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3072914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3072914","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09402736.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09402736.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101561880","display_name":"Feng Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6266-7607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6266-7607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011955983","display_name":"Xinsha Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0368-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinsha Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0368-7605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047825643","display_name":"Mingmao Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8329-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingmao Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8329-845X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008158408","display_name":"Yue Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8624-3673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8624-3673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026514214","display_name":"Shiyu Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4168-718X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyu Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4168-718X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8335,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70768284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"58549","last_page":"58565"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14445","display_name":"Transportation Safety and Impact Analysis","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-binomial-distribution","display_name":"Negative binomial distribution","score":0.7565441131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.7085925340652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5857228636741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goodness-of-fit","display_name":"Goodness of fit","score":0.46693652868270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binomial-distribution","display_name":"Binomial distribution","score":0.4293232858181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.4199894070625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3936387896537781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3764670789241791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3677162826061249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3616982698440552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199335787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743364","display_name":"Negative binomial distribution","level":3,"score":0.7565441131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.7085925340652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5857228636741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132480984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034239","display_name":"Goodness of fit","level":2,"score":0.46693652868270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41054675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185547","display_name":"Binomial distribution","level":2,"score":0.4293232858181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4199894070625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3936387896537781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3764670789241791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3677162826061249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3616982698440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3072914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3072914","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09402736.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2150c1c67ae640a789d63150f4445af2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2150c1c67ae640a789d63150f4445af2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 58549-58565 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3072914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3072914","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09402736.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3404112629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51978283","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6749791589","display_name":"\u987e\u53ca\u8def-\u4eba-\u8f66\u8026\u5408\u673a\u5236\u7684\u516c\u8def\u4e09\u7ef4\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ebf\u5f62\u53c2\u6570\u5316\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5","funder_award_id":"51778242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156724180.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156724180.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W624140537","https://openalex.org/W749141431","https://openalex.org/W1950018093","https://openalex.org/W1968977834","https://openalex.org/W1978165105","https://openalex.org/W1979037819","https://openalex.org/W1979358709","https://openalex.org/W1982380508","https://openalex.org/W1988768206","https://openalex.org/W1993292974","https://openalex.org/W1998440571","https://openalex.org/W2002787905","https://openalex.org/W2003226215","https://openalex.org/W2005961250","https://openalex.org/W2007768303","https://openalex.org/W2008662324","https://openalex.org/W2008741691","https://openalex.org/W2011617234","https://openalex.org/W2018302799","https://openalex.org/W2021514726","https://openalex.org/W2023557221","https://openalex.org/W2027349022","https://openalex.org/W2031539284","https://openalex.org/W2031855406","https://openalex.org/W2032193142","https://openalex.org/W2036619968","https://openalex.org/W2036830150","https://openalex.org/W2038083916","https://openalex.org/W2039946495","https://openalex.org/W2042805254","https://openalex.org/W2054541664","https://openalex.org/W2058816802","https://openalex.org/W2080983905","https://openalex.org/W2095033980","https://openalex.org/W2123763935","https://openalex.org/W2137649509","https://openalex.org/W2146786452","https://openalex.org/W2149825419","https://openalex.org/W2161850932","https://openalex.org/W2167832071","https://openalex.org/W2179490176","https://openalex.org/W2290227299","https://openalex.org/W2336244498","https://openalex.org/W2336326010","https://openalex.org/W2412471672","https://openalex.org/W2469496323","https://openalex.org/W2493086970","https://openalex.org/W2496157789","https://openalex.org/W2535860227","https://openalex.org/W2568306574","https://openalex.org/W2577943623","https://openalex.org/W2587332225","https://openalex.org/W2770279421","https://openalex.org/W2783525687","https://openalex.org/W2789092959","https://openalex.org/W2861781221","https://openalex.org/W2889489925","https://openalex.org/W2908389900","https://openalex.org/W2954912101","https://openalex.org/W2963092740","https://openalex.org/W2964696718","https://openalex.org/W2967425483","https://openalex.org/W2969194299","https://openalex.org/W2982622262","https://openalex.org/W3007522828","https://openalex.org/W3028522729","https://openalex.org/W3110441058","https://openalex.org/W6644672347"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037403216","https://openalex.org/W1602555103","https://openalex.org/W120285656","https://openalex.org/W2887966696","https://openalex.org/W2052110748","https://openalex.org/W4244236455","https://openalex.org/W62389518","https://openalex.org/W2505382103","https://openalex.org/W2802215909","https://openalex.org/W2736742737"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,14,174,263],"existing":[1,60],"crash":[2,56,62,123,240,251,261,296],"modeling":[3],"techniques":[4],"for":[5],"expressway":[6],"tunnels":[7,35],"must":[8],"overcome":[9],"the":[10,20,27,34,45,50,66,74,79,94,178,182,192,197,203,220,228,267,269,273,280,288,295],"following":[11],"difficulties:":[12],"1)":[13,126],"collected":[15],"risk":[16,98],"factors":[17,99,221],"contributing":[18],"to":[19,72,224],"tunnel":[21,55,61,101,225,239],"crashes":[22],"include":[23],"narrow":[24],"ranges,":[25],"especially":[26],"pavement":[28,106],"conditions":[29,32,107,110],"and":[30,69,81,108,154,162,166,195,206,215,253,279,287],"weather":[31,109],"of":[33,54,93,97,100,117,213,242,266,275,290],"are":[36],"rarely":[37],"taken":[38],"into":[39,219],"account.":[40],"2)":[41,134],"Most":[42],"researchers":[43],"ignored":[44],"estimation":[46,75],"deviation":[47,76,183],"caused":[48,77],"by":[49,78,190,200],"excess":[51,187],"zero":[52,188],"observations":[53,189],"datasets.":[57],"3)":[58,142],"No":[59],"model":[63,132,140,149,160,172,180,230],"can":[64],"combine":[65],"random-parameters":[67],"approach":[68,71],"spatial-temporal":[70,82,165,207],"solve":[73],"inter-samples":[80],"heterogeneity.":[83],"To":[84],"address":[85],"these":[86],"problems,":[87],"this":[88],"study":[89],"presents":[90],"an":[91],"investigation":[92],"safety":[95],"effects":[96],"design":[102],"features,":[103],"traffic":[104],"conditions,":[105],"utilizing":[111],"a":[112,127,135,143,152,164,249,259],"12-quarter":[113],"period":[114],"(3":[115],"years)":[116],"data":[118],"as":[119,121],"well":[120],"five":[122],"frequency":[124,252,297],"models:":[125],"fixed":[128],"parameters":[129,137,145,156,168,205,208],"negative":[130,138,146,157,169],"binomial":[131,139,147,158,170],"(FPNB),":[133],"random":[136,144,155,167,204,264],"(RPNB),":[141],"Lindley":[148,159,171,193],"(RPNBL),":[150],"4)":[151],"spatial":[153],"(SP-RPNBL),":[161],"5)":[163],"(ST-RPNBL).":[173],"results":[175],"showed":[176],"that":[177,184,209,222,234],"ST-RPNBL":[179,229],"solves":[181],"arises":[185],"from":[186],"introducing":[191,201],"distribution":[194],"considers":[196],"unobserved":[198],"heterogeneity":[199],"both":[202],"provided":[210],"better":[211],"goodness":[212],"fit":[214],"offered":[216],"more":[217],"insights":[218],"contribute":[223],"safety.":[226],"Furthermore,":[227],"detected":[231],"16":[232],"variables":[233,245,255,265],"were":[235,246,256,285],"significantly":[236],"correlated":[237],"with":[238,248,258],"frequency,":[241],"which":[243],"12":[244],"associated":[247,257],"higher":[250],"four":[254],"lower":[260],"frequency.":[262],"curvature,":[268],"steep":[270],"downgrade":[271],"indicator,":[272],"proportion":[274],"class":[276],"5":[277],"vehicle":[278],"skidding":[281],"resistance":[282],"index":[283],"(SRI)":[284],"identified,":[286],"influence":[289],"each":[291],"significant":[292],"variable":[293],"on":[294],"was":[298],"analyzed.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
