{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3148517897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070915","title":"A Novel Reliability Index to Assess the Computational Resource Adequacy in Data Centers","display_name":"A Novel Reliability Index to Assess the Computational Resource Adequacy in Data Centers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3148517897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070915","mag":"3148517897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3070915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070915","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09395100.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09395100.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027588921","display_name":"Kazi Main Uddin Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5870-0112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kazi Main Uddin Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5870-0112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004657365","display_name":"Manuel Alvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4443-7653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4443-7653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046391029","display_name":"Math Bollen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-9529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Math H. J. Bollen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-9529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027588921"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1549,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1670},"fwci":2.5596,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90888867,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"54530","last_page":"54541"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.7367923259735107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-center","display_name":"Data center","score":0.7367215156555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7328882217407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.7034993171691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.7023516297340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.665303111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rack","display_name":"Rack","score":0.5734404921531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.42366713285446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3872498869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3647651970386505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19118884205818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13955658674240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11896589398384094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.7367923259735107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.7367215156555176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7328882217407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.7034993171691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.7023516297340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.665303111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776843527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1351382","display_name":"Rack","level":2,"score":0.5734404921531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.42366713285446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3872498869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3647651970386505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19118884205818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13955658674240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11896589398384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3070915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070915","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09395100.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d28222377c0f48728059cfdcfa2ff0aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d28222377c0f48728059cfdcfa2ff0aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 54530-54541 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3070915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070915","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09395100.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5730462716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"43090-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322711","funder_display_name":"Energimyndigheten"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322711","display_name":"Energimyndigheten","ror":"https://ror.org/0359z7n90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3148517897.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3148517897.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22021617","https://openalex.org/W643756979","https://openalex.org/W1984807636","https://openalex.org/W1988553127","https://openalex.org/W1993734353","https://openalex.org/W1998234836","https://openalex.org/W2018818917","https://openalex.org/W2041333587","https://openalex.org/W2045274643","https://openalex.org/W2053670104","https://openalex.org/W2063317058","https://openalex.org/W2064359039","https://openalex.org/W2120881346","https://openalex.org/W2129542763","https://openalex.org/W2136510202","https://openalex.org/W2141401705","https://openalex.org/W2148459868","https://openalex.org/W2182419557","https://openalex.org/W2288748300","https://openalex.org/W2483144311","https://openalex.org/W2736578080","https://openalex.org/W2794108583","https://openalex.org/W2809197406","https://openalex.org/W2810158549","https://openalex.org/W2886870596","https://openalex.org/W2890094259","https://openalex.org/W2899367533","https://openalex.org/W2903153623","https://openalex.org/W2906832930","https://openalex.org/W2934609880","https://openalex.org/W2939929106","https://openalex.org/W2970714461","https://openalex.org/W2988421704","https://openalex.org/W2989726567","https://openalex.org/W2991193242","https://openalex.org/W2995955137","https://openalex.org/W3009201882","https://openalex.org/W3010700412","https://openalex.org/W3011763394","https://openalex.org/W3015015599","https://openalex.org/W3034803844","https://openalex.org/W3099485568","https://openalex.org/W3111771179","https://openalex.org/W3113288818","https://openalex.org/W3124257134","https://openalex.org/W3126237795","https://openalex.org/W4214894150","https://openalex.org/W4244397300","https://openalex.org/W4254943404","https://openalex.org/W4376103568","https://openalex.org/W6661822539","https://openalex.org/W6686190542","https://openalex.org/W6749243824","https://openalex.org/W6771489851","https://openalex.org/W6785960574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055187606","https://openalex.org/W1498304890","https://openalex.org/W4214914670","https://openalex.org/W2037023427","https://openalex.org/W1969542292","https://openalex.org/W2636827625","https://openalex.org/W3006216828","https://openalex.org/W2084875360","https://openalex.org/W3123077549","https://openalex.org/W4214747436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,60,86,110,132,146,187],"energy":[1],"demand":[2,12],"of":[3,20,48,65,81,89,99,107,114,121,129,150,154,168,209],"data":[4,83,141,211],"centers":[5],"is":[6,23,51,124,173],"increasing":[7,11],"globally":[8],"with":[9,32,72],"the":[10,18,27,33,37,55,63,66,73,77,82,90,95,105,115,118,122,151,155,165,169,174,178,182,192,210],"for":[13,199],"computational":[14,34,57,68,74,201],"resources":[15,29,69,202],"to":[16,25,30,53,103,177],"ensure":[17],"quality":[19],"services.":[21],"It":[22],"important":[24],"quantify":[26,54],"required":[28],"comply":[31,71],"workloads":[35,134],"at":[36],"rack-level.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"a":[42,127,138],"novel":[43],"reliability":[44,79,189],"index":[45,61,190],"called":[46],"loss":[47,106,167,194],"workload":[49,96,108,111],"probability":[50,88],"presented":[52,162],"rack-level":[56,67,200],"resource":[58],"adequacy.":[59],"defines":[62],"right-sizing":[64],"that":[70],"workloads,":[75],"and":[76,94,191,205],"desired":[78],"level":[80],"center":[84],"investor.":[85],"outage":[87],"power":[91,119,147,157,166,170,184,193],"supply":[92,158,185],"units":[93],"duration":[97,112],"curve":[98,113],"servers":[100,123],"are":[101,135,160],"analyzed":[102],"define":[104],"probability.":[109],"rack,":[116],"hence,":[117],"consumption":[120,148],"modeled":[125],"as":[126],"function":[128],"server":[130,133],"workloads.":[131],"taken":[136],"from":[137],"publicly":[139],"available":[140],"set":[142],"published":[143],"by":[144],"Google.":[145],"models":[149],"major":[152],"components":[153,180],"internal":[156,183],"system":[159],"also":[161],"which":[163],"shows":[164],"distribution":[171],"unit":[172],"highest":[175],"compared":[176],"other":[179],"in":[181],"system.":[186],"proposed":[188],"analysis":[195],"could":[196],"be":[197],"used":[198],"expansion":[203],"planning":[204],"ensures":[206],"energy-efficient":[207],"operation":[208],"center.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}