{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3145728915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070911","title":"Design and Implementation of CryptoCargo: A Blockchain-Powered Smart Shipping Container for Vaccine Distribution","display_name":"Design and Implementation of CryptoCargo: A Blockchain-Powered Smart Shipping Container for Vaccine Distribution","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3145728915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070911","mag":"3145728915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3070911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070911","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09395097.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09395097.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047866689","display_name":"Omar Alkhoori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4127-6815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Omar Alkhoori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085623543","display_name":"Abduraouf Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abduraouf Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018064910","display_name":"Omar Almansoori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6067-4643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Almansoori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021530908","display_name":"Mazin Debe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6328-271X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mazin Debe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028133110","display_name":"Khaled Salah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Salah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071929595","display_name":"Raja Jayaraman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-2688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raja Jayaraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050335396","display_name":"Junaid Arshad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-9498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056165063","display_name":"Muhammad Habib ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7428-2272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Habib Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047866689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.9183,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98504631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"53786","last_page":"53803"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.9544000029563904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8446317911148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.708224356174469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.7030222415924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6856831312179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6580111384391785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6184132099151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5284200310707092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.46240928769111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.4582182466983795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.4219818711280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3843879997730255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.19273808598518372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1307559609413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09478828310966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8446317911148071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.708224356174469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.7030222415924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6856831312179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6580111384391785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6184132099151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5284200310707092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.46240928769111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.4582182466983795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.4219818711280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3843879997730255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19273808598518372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1307559609413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09478828310966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3070911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070911","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09395097.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk:11531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402654","display_name":"BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","host_organization_name":"Birmingham City University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7eaa070c8a54024ac81c4bbfbfee6c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7eaa070c8a54024ac81c4bbfbfee6c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 53786-53803 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3070911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070911","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09395097.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G503991895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIRA-2019-001.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","funder_display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8173591335","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIRA-2019-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","funder_display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145728915.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145728915.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2275530856","https://openalex.org/W2399579591","https://openalex.org/W2544710688","https://openalex.org/W2783535300","https://openalex.org/W2898069736","https://openalex.org/W2953996310","https://openalex.org/W2963349604","https://openalex.org/W2976705298","https://openalex.org/W2978644098","https://openalex.org/W2994696545","https://openalex.org/W2996601342","https://openalex.org/W2999696829","https://openalex.org/W3033909971","https://openalex.org/W3090067445","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4246301113","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6712657342","https://openalex.org/W6783841541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4406264591","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949","https://openalex.org/W4285166115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,11],"large":[1],"number":[2,13],"of":[3,14,50,83,122,131,152,155],"shipments":[4],"are":[5,23,97],"moved":[6],"everyday":[7],"domestically":[8],"and":[9,20,42,64,86,109,129,136,145,174],"internationally.":[10],"considerable":[12],"items":[15],"such":[16,37,67],"as":[17,38,162,164],"food,":[18],"commodities,":[19],"pharmaceutical":[21],"drugs":[22],"prone":[24],"to":[25,34,44,56,66,158,165,171],"damage":[26,92],"in":[27,116],"transit.":[28],"This":[29,70],"can":[30],"be":[31],"caused":[32],"due":[33],"various":[35],"reasons":[36],"improper":[39],"storage":[40,111],"conditions":[41,82],"exposure":[43],"air":[45],"or":[46],"sunlight.":[47],"The":[48],"Internet":[49],"Things":[51],"(IoT)":[52],"has":[53],"been":[54],"used":[55],"enhance":[57],"fundamental":[58],"shipment":[59,85],"tracking":[60],"by":[61],"improving":[62,113],"transparency":[63],"visibility":[65],"transport":[68],"systems.":[69],"paper":[71],"introduces":[72],"a":[73,107,140],"blockchain-powered":[74],"smart":[75,103,181],"container":[76],"system":[77,157],"(CryptoCargo)":[78],"that":[79,90],"monitors":[80],"the":[81,84,100,127,156],"detects":[87],"any":[88],"violations":[89,96],"may":[91],"its":[93,114,160,167],"contents.":[94],"These":[95],"recorded":[98],"on":[99,186],"blockchain":[101,143],"via":[102],"contracts,":[104],"which":[105],"provides":[106],"secure":[108],"immutable":[110],"thereby":[112],"trustworthiness":[115],"an":[117],"inherently":[118],"trustless":[119],"environment":[120],"comprising":[121],"multiple":[123],"stakeholders.":[124],"We":[125,177],"present":[126,150],"design":[128],"implementation":[130,137],"CryptoCargo":[132],"including":[133],"architectural":[134],"concerns":[135],"details":[138,151],"using":[139],"test":[141],"Ethereum":[142],"platform":[144],"cloud":[146],"services.":[147],"Moreover,":[148],"we":[149],"thorough":[153],"evaluation":[154],"validate":[159],"function":[161],"well":[163],"assess":[166],"effectiveness":[168],"with":[169],"respect":[170],"performance":[172],"efficiency":[173],"real-time":[175],"operation.":[176],"have":[178],"made":[179],"our":[180],"contract":[182],"code":[183],"publicly":[184],"available":[185],"Github.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}