{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3084163766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070478","title":"A Leak in PRNU Based Source Identification\u2014Questioning Fingerprint Uniqueness","display_name":"A Leak in PRNU Based Source Identification\u2014Questioning Fingerprint Uniqueness","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3084163766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070478","mag":"3084163766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3070478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070478","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09393356.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09393356.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086675108","display_name":"Massimo Iuliani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-4667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Iuliani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","FORLAB\u2014Multimedia Forensics Laboratory, Prato, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FORLAB\u2014Multimedia Forensics Laboratory, Prato, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005922407","display_name":"Marco Fontani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0630-2128"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Fontani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amped Software, Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0630-2128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amped Software, Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007423585","display_name":"Alessandro Piva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3047-0519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Piva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","FORLAB\u2014Multimedia Forensics Laboratory, Prato, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3047-0519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FORLAB\u2014Multimedia Forensics Laboratory, Prato, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086675108"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.1035,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92921125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"52455","last_page":"52463"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7280904054641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.6574192047119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6384894847869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.540256679058075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.515884518623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.45551198720932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.44886457920074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3890542984008789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.22834095358848572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7280904054641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6574192047119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6384894847869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.540256679058075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.515884518623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.45551198720932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.44886457920074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3890542984008789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.22834095358848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3070478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070478","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09393356.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2009.04878","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.04878","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.04878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dabb301cef49443587ef4a9c85ee8e7d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dabb301cef49443587ef4a9c85ee8e7d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 52455-52463 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1236517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1236517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3070478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070478","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09393356.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2024221305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR00112090136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5635787568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017Z595XS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084163766.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084163766.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514331370","https://openalex.org/W1997127867","https://openalex.org/W2001426616","https://openalex.org/W2096754397","https://openalex.org/W2120174436","https://openalex.org/W2124695272","https://openalex.org/W2129240197","https://openalex.org/W2141701079","https://openalex.org/W2144533910","https://openalex.org/W2168126647","https://openalex.org/W2188296975","https://openalex.org/W2208109665","https://openalex.org/W2248943896","https://openalex.org/W2537160348","https://openalex.org/W2560868627","https://openalex.org/W2577185574","https://openalex.org/W2578983879","https://openalex.org/W2611426089","https://openalex.org/W2762911267","https://openalex.org/W2766497195","https://openalex.org/W2799265886","https://openalex.org/W2885533020","https://openalex.org/W2902674081","https://openalex.org/W2913890393","https://openalex.org/W2943960148","https://openalex.org/W2963940818","https://openalex.org/W2993503428","https://openalex.org/W3003424563","https://openalex.org/W3011265505","https://openalex.org/W3013626038","https://openalex.org/W3089544820","https://openalex.org/W3102373040","https://openalex.org/W3122099796","https://openalex.org/W3125809067","https://openalex.org/W3129257912","https://openalex.org/W4286418891","https://openalex.org/W6650605629","https://openalex.org/W6680944521","https://openalex.org/W6771790382","https://openalex.org/W6790782278"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W4389371618","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W2148654711","https://openalex.org/W2608025327","https://openalex.org/W1621827506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photo":[0],"Response":[1],"Non-Uniformity":[2],"(PRNU)":[3],"is":[4,82,99,143,146,194,220,245],"considered":[5],"the":[6,11,20,36,42,52,70,77,141,147,173,197,205,228,237,258],"most":[7,47,153,206],"effective":[8],"trace":[9],"for":[10,227],"image":[12,84,191],"source":[13,202],"attribution":[14],"task.":[15],"Its":[16],"uniqueness":[17],"ensures":[18],"that":[19,59,80,87,152,172,196],"sensor":[21],"pattern":[22],"noises":[23],"extracted":[24],"from":[25],"different":[26],"cameras":[27],"are":[28,74,164],"strongly":[29,165],"uncorrelated,":[30],"even":[31],"when":[32,66],"they":[33,110],"belong":[34],"to":[35,101,127,137,185,225,247],"same":[37,71],"camera":[38,133,187],"model.":[39],"However,":[40],"with":[41,254],"advent":[43],"of":[44,69,176,199,214,236],"computational":[45],"photography,":[46],"recent":[48,107,207],"devices":[49,108,208],"heavily":[50],"process":[51],"acquired":[53],"pixels,":[54],"possibly":[55],"introducing":[56],"non-unique":[57],"artifacts":[58],"may":[60],"reduce":[61],"PRNU":[62,81,200,255],"noise's":[63],"distinctiveness,":[64],"especially":[65],"several":[67],"exemplars":[68],"device":[72],"model":[73],"involved":[75],"in":[76,212,257],"analysis.":[78],"Considering":[79],"an":[83,117],"forensic":[85],"technology":[86,105],"finds":[88],"actual":[89],"and":[90,130,144,162],"wide":[91],"use":[92],"by":[93,167],"law":[94,259],"enforcement":[95,260],"agencies":[96],"worldwide,":[97],"it":[98],"essential":[100],"keep":[102],"validating":[103],"such":[104],"on":[106,121,204],"as":[109,222],"appear.":[111],"In":[112],"this":[113,168,218],"paper,":[114],"we":[115,240],"perform":[116],"extensive":[118],"testing":[119],"campaign":[120],"over":[122],"33.000":[123],"Flickr":[124],"images":[125],"belonging":[126],"45":[128],"smartphone":[129],"25":[131],"DSLR":[132],"models":[134],"released":[135],"recently":[136],"determine":[138],"how":[139],"widespread":[140],"issue":[142,253],"which":[145],"plausible":[148],"cause.":[149],"Experiments":[150],"highlight":[151],"brands,":[154],"like":[155],"Samsung,":[156],"Huawei,":[157],"Canon,":[158],"Nikon,":[159],"Fujifilm,":[160],"Sigma,":[161],"Leica,":[163],"affected":[166],"issue.":[169],"We":[170],"show":[171],"primary":[174],"cause":[175],"high":[177],"false":[178],"alarm":[179],"rates":[180],"cannot":[181],"be":[182,210],"directly":[183],"related":[184],"specific":[186],"models,":[188],"firmware,":[189],"nor":[190],"contents.":[192],"It":[193],"evident":[195],"effectiveness":[198],"based":[201],"identification":[203],"must":[209],"reconsidered":[211],"light":[213],"these":[215,243],"results.":[216],"Therefore,":[217],"paper":[219],"intended":[221],"a":[223,233,251],"call":[224],"action":[226],"scientific":[229],"community":[230],"rather":[231],"than":[232],"complete":[234],"treatment":[235],"subject.":[238],"Moreover,":[239],"believe":[241],"publishing":[242],"data":[244],"important":[246],"raise":[248],"awareness":[249],"about":[250],"possible":[252],"reliability":[256],"world.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}