{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137391959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068527","title":"Adaptive Mechanism for Discovering Internet Gateways in Wireless Networks Using Swarm Intelligence","display_name":"Adaptive Mechanism for Discovering Internet Gateways in Wireless Networks Using Swarm Intelligence","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137391959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068527","mag":"3137391959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068527","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09385155.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09385155.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048898096","display_name":"Kassem Mohammed Mostafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6965-4748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107613613","display_name":"Information Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04ynw2g14","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107613613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kassem Mohammed Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6965-4748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832","https://openalex.org/I107613613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832","https://openalex.org/I107613613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041917818","display_name":"Saad M. Darwish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2723-1549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107613613","display_name":"Information Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04ynw2g14","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107613613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saad M. Darwish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2723-1549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832","https://openalex.org/I107613613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832","https://openalex.org/I107613613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110703196","display_name":"Mohamed N. El-Derini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed N. El-Derini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041917818"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107613613","https://openalex.org/I84524832"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4805,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65239594,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"47294","last_page":"47302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8478646278381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7811981439590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Mobile ad hoc network","score":0.7161571383476257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6103892922401428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.6026392579078674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-mesh-network","display_name":"Wireless mesh network","score":0.5936354994773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5118181109428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.5022203922271729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4837634563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4475555717945099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-intelligence","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","score":0.4307982921600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.43072718381881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.3783336877822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.33515021204948425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.14575690031051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1357719600200653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08160838484764099}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8478646278381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7811981439590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91280400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Mobile ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.7161571383476257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6103892922401428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.6026392579078674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31548570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6453712","display_name":"Wireless mesh network","level":4,"score":0.5936354994773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5118181109428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.5022203922271729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4837634563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4475555717945099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119487961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863960","display_name":"Swarm intelligence","level":3,"score":0.4307982921600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43072718381881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3783336877822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.33515021204948425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.14575690031051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1357719600200653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08160838484764099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068527","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09385155.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:da54aec610b54ebe9acf6c27660ad577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/da54aec610b54ebe9acf6c27660ad577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 47294-47302 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068527","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09385155.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137391959.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137391959.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484495944","https://openalex.org/W1610982666","https://openalex.org/W1814509279","https://openalex.org/W1974895475","https://openalex.org/W1990549914","https://openalex.org/W2004922570","https://openalex.org/W2018711161","https://openalex.org/W2052259682","https://openalex.org/W2088017171","https://openalex.org/W2112948719","https://openalex.org/W2126649778","https://openalex.org/W2151933252","https://openalex.org/W2189219647","https://openalex.org/W2269255592","https://openalex.org/W2290420400","https://openalex.org/W2332537799","https://openalex.org/W2419276856","https://openalex.org/W2587067463","https://openalex.org/W2590915807","https://openalex.org/W2604573993","https://openalex.org/W2610151180","https://openalex.org/W2762660769","https://openalex.org/W2765957367","https://openalex.org/W2766802705","https://openalex.org/W2802886521","https://openalex.org/W2913342302","https://openalex.org/W3006622680","https://openalex.org/W3092357960","https://openalex.org/W3109574414","https://openalex.org/W4247852678","https://openalex.org/W6648092094","https://openalex.org/W6678918371","https://openalex.org/W6783183902"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3035283282","https://openalex.org/W2768875466","https://openalex.org/W1591014886","https://openalex.org/W1581687089","https://openalex.org/W2551975114","https://openalex.org/W1595354992","https://openalex.org/W2025838880","https://openalex.org/W2123281165","https://openalex.org/W2003275014","https://openalex.org/W4210799434"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,11,30,40,54,68,151],"the":[2,9,51,69,108,116,127,133,149],"most":[3,39],"critical":[4],"and":[5,32,58,75,96,156,168,176],"challenging":[6],"processes":[7,150],"is":[8,93,100,143],"provision":[10],"internet":[12],"connectivity":[13],"for":[14],"nodes":[15],"in":[16,37,119,173],"Wireless":[17],"Mesh":[18,48],"Networks":[19],"(WMN)":[20],"or":[21,47,86,106],"mobile":[22],"ad":[23],"hoc":[24],"networks":[25],"(MANET).":[26],"A":[27],"wide":[28],"variety":[29],"\u201cbusiness":[31],"non-commercial\u201d":[33],"applications":[34],"are":[35,50,61,73],"implemented":[36,62,74],"MANET,":[38,80],"them":[41],"gaining":[42],"Internet":[43,56],"resources.":[44],"Gateway":[45],"(GW)":[46],"GWs":[49,60,109,135,167],"key":[52],"components":[53],"MANET's":[55,65],"connectivity,":[57],"multiple":[59],"to":[63,77,103,160,165,178],"improve":[64],"capabilities.":[66],"Many":[67],"current":[70],"routing":[71,84],"protocols":[72],"improved":[76],"work":[78],"with":[79],"either":[81],"using":[82,138],"traditional":[83],"approaches":[85],"tree-based":[87],"network":[88],"approaches.":[89],"But":[90],"since":[91],"MANET":[92],"a":[94,122],"complex":[95],"transient":[97],"network,":[98],"it":[99],"very":[101],"necessary":[102],"explore":[104],"new":[105,153],"tack":[107],"failure":[110,172],"that":[111,131,180],"adds":[112],"more":[113],"overhead":[114],"on":[115],"network.":[117],"Thus,":[118],"this":[120],"paper":[121],"hybrid":[123],"protocol":[124],"inspired":[125],"by":[126],"swarm":[128],"intelligence":[129],"technique":[130],"follows":[132],"non-root":[134],"discovery":[136],"approach":[137],"Ant":[139],"Colony":[140],"Optimization":[141],"(ACO)":[142],"suggested.":[144],"The":[145],"experimental":[146],"results":[147],"validate":[148],"exploring":[152,162],"GWs,":[154,161],"testing":[155],"maintaining":[157],"existing":[158,166],"paths":[159,164],"different":[163],"detecting":[169],"any":[170,174],"connection":[171],"route,":[175],"attempting":[177],"fix":[179],"failure.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}