{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138370395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068223","title":"Categorizing the Students\u2019 Activities for Automated Exam Proctoring Using Proposed Deep L2-GraftNet CNN Network and ASO Based Feature Selection Approach","display_name":"Categorizing the Students\u2019 Activities for Automated Exam Proctoring Using Proposed Deep L2-GraftNet CNN Network and ASO Based Feature Selection Approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138370395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068223","mag":"3138370395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068223","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09383258.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09383258.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018549351","display_name":"Tanzila Saba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-3801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tanzila Saba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence & Data Analytics Lab (AIDA), College of Computer & Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-3801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence & Data Analytics Lab (AIDA), College of Computer & Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062125413","display_name":"Amjad Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3817-2655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence & Data Analytics Lab (AIDA), College of Computer & Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3817-2655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence & Data Analytics Lab (AIDA), College of Computer & Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052880936","display_name":"Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-6506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence & Data Analytics Lab (AIDA), College of Computer & Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence & Data Analytics Lab (AIDA), College of Computer & Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084945522","display_name":"Souad Larabi-Marie-Sainte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4888-9000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Souad Larabi Marie-Sainte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence & Data Analytics Lab (AIDA), College of Computer & Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4888-9000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence & Data Analytics Lab (AIDA), College of Computer & Information Sciences (CCIS), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073789439","display_name":"Mudassar Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9124-9298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mudassar Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantonment, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9124-9298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantonment, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052505171","display_name":"Muhammad Sharif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-2168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sharif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantonment, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-2168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantonment, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018549351"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.0336,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98160943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"47639","last_page":"47656"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9275000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9275000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.9003999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7503212690353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5769190788269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5707755088806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5625919103622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5470543503761292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.530829131603241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.345487117767334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7503212690353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5769190788269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5707755088806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5625919103622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5470543503761292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.530829131603241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.345487117767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068223","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09383258.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7691be2063f74265a1b6c2b614b762de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7691be2063f74265a1b6c2b614b762de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 47639-47656 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068223","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09383258.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G840142476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SEED-CCIS-2020{25}","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327702","funder_display_name":"Prince Sultan University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327702","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138370395.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138370395.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542959211","https://openalex.org/W1579445194","https://openalex.org/W1619089413","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1898221447","https://openalex.org/W1925821051","https://openalex.org/W1964940342","https://openalex.org/W1969830854","https://openalex.org/W2053170657","https://openalex.org/W2063639589","https://openalex.org/W2088252378","https://openalex.org/W2118864451","https://openalex.org/W2129971280","https://openalex.org/W2133693888","https://openalex.org/W2138882494","https://openalex.org/W2139104449","https://openalex.org/W2150239285","https://openalex.org/W2151973236","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2273396394","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2286152596","https://openalex.org/W2391185110","https://openalex.org/W2523465358","https://openalex.org/W2588906820","https://openalex.org/W2590106597","https://openalex.org/W2604432663","https://openalex.org/W2736324721","https://openalex.org/W2745384027","https://openalex.org/W2751205439","https://openalex.org/W2775539030","https://openalex.org/W2775870354","https://openalex.org/W2778661558","https://openalex.org/W2801324747","https://openalex.org/W2887830268","https://openalex.org/W2888803407","https://openalex.org/W2889545660","https://openalex.org/W2889956341","https://openalex.org/W2893511508","https://openalex.org/W2902033842","https://openalex.org/W2905463857","https://openalex.org/W2911198255","https://openalex.org/W2911979642","https://openalex.org/W2913932061","https://openalex.org/W2937671419","https://openalex.org/W2947218145","https://openalex.org/W2954548319","https://openalex.org/W2981992760","https://openalex.org/W2987304024","https://openalex.org/W2994172072","https://openalex.org/W3009762334","https://openalex.org/W3010432310","https://openalex.org/W3011905866","https://openalex.org/W3012048266","https://openalex.org/W3014874376","https://openalex.org/W3023314443","https://openalex.org/W3026162430","https://openalex.org/W3027951243","https://openalex.org/W3028312615","https://openalex.org/W3031898765","https://openalex.org/W3047570316","https://openalex.org/W3086343385","https://openalex.org/W3086735896","https://openalex.org/W3088322667","https://openalex.org/W3088431369","https://openalex.org/W3088927960","https://openalex.org/W3093844876","https://openalex.org/W3096674504","https://openalex.org/W3107268631","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3213159425","https://openalex.org/W4236012099","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4311361333","https://openalex.org/W6636508492","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6680366265","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6695314431","https://openalex.org/W6696152792","https://openalex.org/W6743795131","https://openalex.org/W6753705388","https://openalex.org/W6771421248","https://openalex.org/W6781637287","https://openalex.org/W6783578659","https://openalex.org/W6803687125","https://openalex.org/W7015476958","https://openalex.org/W7070750340","https://openalex.org/W7075706207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W4205762803","https://openalex.org/W4294635752","https://openalex.org/W4304166257","https://openalex.org/W4383066092","https://openalex.org/W4386564352","https://openalex.org/W2952668426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Exam":[0],"proctoring":[1,240],"is":[2,21,31,51,71,86,99,115,127,139],"a":[3,22,32,45,55,74,143,235],"hectic":[4],"task":[5,34],"i.e.,":[6],"the":[7,17,69,90,109,121,154,158,161,171,182,211,224,227,231,242,247],"monitoring":[8],"of":[9,58,65,92,113,132,160,199,218,226],"students\u2019":[10,66],"activities":[11,49,67,166],"becomes":[12],"difficult":[13,33],"for":[14,35,164,188,237,244],"supervisors":[15,36],"in":[16,105,120,246],"examination":[18],"rooms.":[19],"It":[20],"costly":[23],"approach":[24,187],"that":[25],"requires":[26],"much":[27],"labor.":[28],"Also,":[29,230],"it":[30],"to":[37,142,181,196],"keep":[38],"an":[39,216],"eye":[40],"on":[41,153,210],"all":[42],"students":[43],"at":[44,117],"time.":[46],"Automatic":[47],"exam":[48,70,165,239,248],"recognition":[50],"therefore":[52],"necessitating":[53],"and":[54,95,201],"demanding":[56],"field":[57],"research.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"research":[62],"work,":[63],"categorization":[64,167,233],"during":[68],"performed":[72],"using":[73],"deep":[75,80,93],"learning":[76],"approach.":[77],"A":[78],"new":[79],"CNN":[81],"architecture":[82],"with":[83,102,150,215],"46":[84],"layers":[85],"proposed":[87,137,228,232],"which":[88],"contains":[89],"characteristics":[91],"AlexNet":[94,123],"SqueezeNet.":[96],"The":[97,125,136,175,191,204,220],"model":[98,126,138,145],"engineered":[100],"first":[101,140],"slight":[103],"modifications":[104],"AlexNet.":[106],"After":[107],"then,":[108],"squeezed":[110],"branch-like":[111],"structure":[112],"SqueezeNet":[114],"grafted/embedded":[116],"two":[118],"locations":[119],"modified":[122],"architecture.":[124],"named":[128],"as":[129],"L2-GraftNet":[130],"because":[131],"dual":[133],"grafting":[134],"blocks.":[135],"converted":[141],"pre-trained":[144,173],"by":[146],"performing":[147],"its":[148],"training":[149],"SoftMax":[151],"classifier":[152,214],"CIFAR-100":[155],"dataset.":[156],"Afterwards,":[157],"features":[159,177,189,193],"dataset":[162],"prepared":[163],"are":[168,178,194,209],"extracted":[169,176],"from":[170],"above-mentioned":[172],"model.":[174],"then":[179],"fed":[180],"atom":[183],"search":[184],"optimization":[185],"(ASO)":[186],"optimization.":[190],"optimized":[192],"passed":[195],"different":[197],"variants":[198],"SVM":[200],"KNN":[202,213],"classifiers.":[203],"best":[205],"performance":[206],"results":[207,222],"attained":[208],"Fine":[212],"accuracy":[217],"93.88%.":[219],"satisfactory":[221],"prove":[223],"robustness":[225],"framework.":[229],"provides":[234],"base":[236],"automated":[238],"without":[241],"need":[243],"proctors":[245],"halls.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
