{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139490795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3067889","title":"Training Multi-Bit Quantized and Binarized Networks with a Learnable Symmetric Quantizer","display_name":"Training Multi-Bit Quantized and Binarized Networks with a Learnable Symmetric Quantizer","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139490795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3067889","mag":"3139490795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3067889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3067889","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09383003.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09383003.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013813231","display_name":"Phuoc Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6388-1883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phuoc Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6388-1883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068070739","display_name":"Jacob A. Abraham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5336-5631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob A. Abraham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5336-5631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006563419","display_name":"Jaeyong Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-1995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyong Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-1995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.4133,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83310365,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"47194","last_page":"47203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.8734978437423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7865544557571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.785294234752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.6130234599113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5422296524047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5198915004730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-neural-network","display_name":"Residual neural network","score":0.4884756803512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4741002023220062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4236759841442108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40459519624710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4033389389514923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3270358443260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14063215255737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.07950225472450256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.8734978437423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7865544557571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.785294234752655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.6130234599113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5422296524047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5198915004730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2944601119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43744058","display_name":"Residual neural network","level":3,"score":0.4884756803512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4741002023220062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4236759841442108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40459519624710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4033389389514923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3270358443260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14063215255737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.07950225472450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3067889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3067889","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09383003.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db79439d6bb74b6dbe299621c56e0b0e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db79439d6bb74b6dbe299621c56e0b0e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 47194-47203 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3067889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3067889","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09383003.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4400926266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1711073912","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321363","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139490795.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139490795.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2267635276","https://openalex.org/W2286365479","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2469490737","https://openalex.org/W2542952145","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2753301142","https://openalex.org/W2769312802","https://openalex.org/W2786771851","https://openalex.org/W2787752464","https://openalex.org/W2845210056","https://openalex.org/W2884150179","https://openalex.org/W2887447938","https://openalex.org/W2916954108","https://openalex.org/W2924522543","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2963114950","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963263347","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963480671","https://openalex.org/W2963674932","https://openalex.org/W2963723401","https://openalex.org/W2963918968","https://openalex.org/W2964008506","https://openalex.org/W2964195914","https://openalex.org/W2964203871","https://openalex.org/W2972918064","https://openalex.org/W2975350394","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2982344224","https://openalex.org/W2982479999","https://openalex.org/W2989762710","https://openalex.org/W2990953743","https://openalex.org/W2994840239","https://openalex.org/W2995738369","https://openalex.org/W2996184188","https://openalex.org/W3001133453","https://openalex.org/W3003175769","https://openalex.org/W3003870614","https://openalex.org/W3004061291","https://openalex.org/W3005824466","https://openalex.org/W3021187529","https://openalex.org/W3034297393","https://openalex.org/W3034681682","https://openalex.org/W3035183452","https://openalex.org/W3037288590","https://openalex.org/W3042037914","https://openalex.org/W3042706400","https://openalex.org/W3088524643","https://openalex.org/W3095248970","https://openalex.org/W3102169921","https://openalex.org/W3106579642","https://openalex.org/W3106655949","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3128709956","https://openalex.org/W3166947214","https://openalex.org/W3173275561","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4288413318","https://openalex.org/W4295262505","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6696004547","https://openalex.org/W6720242923","https://openalex.org/W6726497184","https://openalex.org/W6728795708","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6744700018","https://openalex.org/W6745722055","https://openalex.org/W6748163181","https://openalex.org/W6748224102","https://openalex.org/W6760069825","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6767597771","https://openalex.org/W6768287286","https://openalex.org/W6770165107","https://openalex.org/W6770698715","https://openalex.org/W6771506636","https://openalex.org/W6771595542","https://openalex.org/W6773270737","https://openalex.org/W6779885597","https://openalex.org/W6781314844","https://openalex.org/W6783467810","https://openalex.org/W6786154104","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6790552430","https://openalex.org/W6795641039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204184292","https://openalex.org/W3176564347","https://openalex.org/W4390421286","https://openalex.org/W4280563792","https://openalex.org/W2140186469","https://openalex.org/W2355833770","https://openalex.org/W2755231872","https://openalex.org/W4313400923","https://openalex.org/W4319430125","https://openalex.org/W2799384463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantizing":[0],"weights":[1],"and":[2,39,43,62,64,80,97,130],"activations":[3],"of":[4,28],"deep":[5],"neural":[6],"networks":[7,66],"is":[8,24,149],"essential":[9],"for":[10,19],"deploying":[11],"them":[12],"in":[13,76,108],"resource-constrained":[14],"devices,":[15],"or":[16],"cloud":[17],"platforms":[18],"at-scale":[20],"services.":[21],"While":[22],"binarization":[23,74],"a":[25,47,77,92],"special":[26],"case":[27,32],"quantization,":[29,134],"this":[30],"extreme":[31],"often":[33],"leads":[34],"to":[35,86,105,139,151],"several":[36],"training":[37,44,90],"difficulties,":[38],"necessitates":[40],"specialized":[41],"models":[42],"methods.":[45],"As":[46],"result,":[48],"recent":[49],"quantization":[50,78,115],"methods":[51,138,154],"do":[52],"not":[53],"provide":[54],"binarization,":[55,145],"thus":[56],"losing":[57],"the":[58,88,121,141,146,158],"most":[59],"resource-efficient":[60],"option,":[61],"quantized":[63],"binarized":[65],"have":[67],"been":[68],"distinct":[69],"research":[70],"areas.":[71],"We":[72,111],"examine":[73],"difficulties":[75],"framework":[79],"find":[81],"that":[82],"all":[83],"we":[84],"need":[85],"enable":[87],"binary":[89],"are":[91],"symmetric":[93],"quantizer,":[94],"good":[95],"initialization,":[96],"careful":[98],"hyperparameter":[99],"selection.":[100],"These":[101],"techniques":[102],"also":[103],"lead":[104],"substantial":[106],"improvements":[107],"multi-bit":[109,133],"quantization.":[110],"demonstrate":[112],"our":[113],"unified":[114],"framework,":[116],"denoted":[117],"as":[118,128],"UniQ,":[119],"on":[120],"ImageNet":[122],"dataset":[123],"with":[124],"various":[125],"architectures":[126],"such":[127],"ResNet-18,-34":[129],"MobileNetV2.":[131],"For":[132],"UniQ":[135],"outperforms":[136],"existing":[137,152],"achieve":[140],"state-of-the-art":[142,153],"accuracy.":[143],"In":[144],"achieved":[147],"accuracy":[148],"comparable":[150],"even":[155],"without":[156],"modifying":[157],"original":[159],"architectures.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}