{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139816762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066948","title":"Hybrid Boolean Networks as Physically Unclonable Functions","display_name":"Hybrid Boolean Networks as Physically Unclonable Functions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139816762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066948","mag":"3139816762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3066948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066948","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09380284.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09380284.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048042933","display_name":"Noeloikeau Charlot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3082-9779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noeloikeau Charlot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058267197","display_name":"Daniel Canaday","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139429","display_name":"Hedgeye (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04scjv535","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139429"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Canaday","raw_affiliation_strings":["Potomac Research, LLC, Alexandria, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Potomac Research, LLC, Alexandria, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061018546","display_name":"Andrew Pomerance","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3371-4275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139429","display_name":"Hedgeye (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04scjv535","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139429"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Pomerance","raw_affiliation_strings":["Potomac Research, LLC, Alexandria, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Potomac Research, LLC, Alexandria, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139429"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084210354","display_name":"Daniel J. Gauthier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-217X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel J. Gauthier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.8317,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90382848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"44855","last_page":"44867"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.64570152759552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.6234350800514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5658589601516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5275202393531799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperiodic-graph","display_name":"Aperiodic graph","score":0.5054833889007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.48519280552864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.45175448060035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.43405479192733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-weight","display_name":"Hamming weight","score":0.4222182333469391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaotic","display_name":"Chaotic","score":0.4155859351158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3815559446811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.38127604126930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.3273544907569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30714815855026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14248839020729065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.11533239483833313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.64570152759552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.6234350800514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5658589601516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5275202393531799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104247578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779368","display_name":"Aperiodic graph","level":2,"score":0.5054833889007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.48519280552864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.45175448060035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.43405479192733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63361517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645805","display_name":"Hamming weight","level":5,"score":0.4222182333469391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.4155859351158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3815559446811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.38127604126930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.3273544907569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30714815855026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14248839020729065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.11533239483833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3066948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066948","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09380284.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.12542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12542","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.12542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:63346cb911644d138becac654a607eba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/63346cb911644d138becac654a607eba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 44855-44867 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3066948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066948","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09380284.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1317548212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PCT/US2020/027072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316752","funder_display_name":"Ohio Federal Research Network"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316752","display_name":"Ohio Federal Research Network","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139816762.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139816762.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22334361","https://openalex.org/W79011941","https://openalex.org/W135103583","https://openalex.org/W178487800","https://openalex.org/W1975166224","https://openalex.org/W1995871244","https://openalex.org/W2001067488","https://openalex.org/W2002572138","https://openalex.org/W2032259428","https://openalex.org/W2063783657","https://openalex.org/W2079868147","https://openalex.org/W2113322447","https://openalex.org/W2126554576","https://openalex.org/W2135386651","https://openalex.org/W2163294786","https://openalex.org/W2169212403","https://openalex.org/W2295120647","https://openalex.org/W2402254862","https://openalex.org/W2460222799","https://openalex.org/W2483049553","https://openalex.org/W2496212124","https://openalex.org/W2791172426","https://openalex.org/W2903173861","https://openalex.org/W2914764075","https://openalex.org/W2922207820","https://openalex.org/W2963154589","https://openalex.org/W2971247663","https://openalex.org/W3037711972","https://openalex.org/W6650704792"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008960744","https://openalex.org/W2105471374","https://openalex.org/W2963549154","https://openalex.org/W2158117886","https://openalex.org/W1987803429","https://openalex.org/W1582340598","https://openalex.org/W1519122282","https://openalex.org/W1530654122","https://openalex.org/W2182731056","https://openalex.org/W2176368139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,98,130],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,15,22,45,54,169,192,221],"Physically":[3],"Unclonable":[4],"Function":[5],"(PUF)":[6],"based":[7],"on":[8,21,38],"an":[9,152,159],"ultra-fast":[10],"chaotic":[11,96],"network":[12,86],"known":[13],"as":[14,44],"Hybrid":[16],"Boolean":[17],"Network":[18],"(HBN)":[19],"implemented":[20],"field":[23],"programmable":[24],"gate":[25],"array.":[26],"The":[27],"network,":[28],"consisting":[29],"of":[30,56,83,103,121,124,163,195,238],"N":[31],"coupled":[32],"asynchronous":[33],"logic":[34],"gates":[35],"displaying":[36],"dynamics":[37],"the":[39,84,94,101,106,115,122,203,212,235,239],"sub-nanosecond":[40],"time":[41],"scale,":[42],"acts":[43],"`digital":[46],"fingerprint'":[47],"by":[48,76],"amplifying":[49],"small":[50],"manufacturing":[51,111],"variations":[52],"during":[53,93],"period":[55],"transient":[57],"chaos.":[58],"In":[59,199],"contrast":[60],"to":[61,79,89,110,158,191,201,215,228],"other":[62],"PUF":[63,132,223],"designs,":[64],"we":[65,207,233],"use":[66],"both":[67],"N-bits":[68,73],"per":[69,74,166],"challenge":[70],"and":[71,87,113,134,143,205,217,241],"obtain":[72,131],"response":[75],"considering":[77],"challenges":[78],"be":[80,90],"initial":[81],"states":[82,91],"N-node":[85],"responses":[88],"captured":[92],"subsequent":[95],"transient.":[97],"find":[99],"that":[100,114,173,219],"presence":[102],"chaos":[104],"amplifies":[105],"frozen-in":[107],"randomness":[108],"due":[109],"differences":[112],"extractable":[116],"entropy":[117,213],"is":[118,226],"approximately":[119],"50%":[120],"maximum":[123],"N2":[125],"<sup":[126],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[127,139,146,180],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</sup>":[128],"bits.":[129],"uniqueness":[133,204],"reliability":[135],"metrics":[136,156],"\u03bc":[137,144,178],"<sub":[138,145,179],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">inter</sub>":[140],"=":[141,148],"0.40\u00b10.01":[142],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">intra</sub>":[147,181],"0.05\u00b10.00,":[149],"respectively,":[150],"for":[151],"N=256":[153],"network.":[154],"These":[155],"correspond":[157],"expected":[160],"Hamming":[161,193],"distance":[162,194],"102.4":[164],"bits":[165,176],"response.":[167],"Moreover,":[168],"simple":[170],"cherry-picking":[171],"scheme":[172],"discards":[174],"noisy":[175],"yields":[177],"<;":[182],"0.01":[183],"while":[184],"still":[185],"retaining":[186],"~":[187,196],"200":[188],"bits/response":[189],"(corresponding":[190],"80":[197],"bits/response).":[198],"addition":[200],"characterizing":[202],"reliability,":[206],"demonstrate":[208,218],"super-exponential":[209],"scaling":[210],"in":[211],"up":[214],"N=512":[216],"PUFmeter,":[220],"recent":[222],"analysis":[224],"tool,":[225],"unable":[227],"model":[229],"our":[230],"PUF.":[231],"Finally,":[232],"characterize":[234],"temperature":[236],"variation":[237],"HBN-PUF":[240],"propose":[242],"future":[243],"improvements.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
