{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136906726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066255","title":"ORFFM: An Ontology-Based Semantic Model of River Flow and Flood Mitigation","display_name":"ORFFM: An Ontology-Based Semantic Model of River Flow and Flood Mitigation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136906726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066255","mag":"3136906726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3066255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066255","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09380442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09380442.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078946886","display_name":"Muhammad Hussain Mughal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2035-7205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23805111","display_name":"Mohammad Ali Jinnah University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xx4jg88","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68288478","display_name":"Sukkur IBA University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5jvk98","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hussain Mughal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478","https://openalex.org/I23805111"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101789974","display_name":"Zaffar Ahmed Shaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0323-2061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23805111","display_name":"Mohammad Ali Jinnah University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xx4jg88","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zubair Ahmed Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan","[Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014062887","display_name":"Asim Imdad Wagan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9765-5385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23805111","display_name":"Mohammad Ali Jinnah University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xx4jg88","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asim Imdad Wagan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan","[Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23805111"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039038237","display_name":"Zahid Hussain Khand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-8408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68288478","display_name":"Sukkur IBA University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5jvk98","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Hussain Khand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","[Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043426188","display_name":"Saif Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-3177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68288478","display_name":"Sukkur IBA University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5jvk98","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saif Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","[Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.1599,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91639296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"44003","last_page":"44031"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9513999819755554,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9373000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8170499205589294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.5861673355102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-interoperability","display_name":"Semantic interoperability","score":0.5353963971138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-myth","display_name":"Flood myth","score":0.5221812725067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.38395389914512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.3817880153656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3335719108581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1871996819972992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1051802933216095}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8170499205589294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.5861673355102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192800085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5258530","display_name":"Semantic interoperability","level":3,"score":0.5353963971138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.5221812725067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38395389914512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.3817880153656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3335719108581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1871996819972992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1051802933216095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3066255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066255","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09380442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:102073ddc6fa4e5ebb115edeffd4e495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/102073ddc6fa4e5ebb115edeffd4e495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 44003-44031 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3066255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3066255","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09380442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3644296431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM10331601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4082557964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM10331601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322799","display_name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/038y3sz68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136906726.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136906726.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37424105","https://openalex.org/W98399127","https://openalex.org/W121488817","https://openalex.org/W150929276","https://openalex.org/W153020065","https://openalex.org/W192221291","https://openalex.org/W229800277","https://openalex.org/W318203129","https://openalex.org/W1505839237","https://openalex.org/W1509259808","https://openalex.org/W1595744059","https://openalex.org/W1665997306","https://openalex.org/W1948811792","https://openalex.org/W1965465660","https://openalex.org/W1970483086","https://openalex.org/W1972348057","https://openalex.org/W1994032611","https://openalex.org/W2007982454","https://openalex.org/W2014812380","https://openalex.org/W2046955782","https://openalex.org/W2049317862","https://openalex.org/W2066412242","https://openalex.org/W2074944495","https://openalex.org/W2075034374","https://openalex.org/W2086049273","https://openalex.org/W2108981974","https://openalex.org/W2115194106","https://openalex.org/W2134995885","https://openalex.org/W2135858008","https://openalex.org/W2139315672","https://openalex.org/W2148364379","https://openalex.org/W2150169560","https://openalex.org/W2155160537","https://openalex.org/W2168120333","https://openalex.org/W2168161970","https://openalex.org/W2170064161","https://openalex.org/W2171900240","https://openalex.org/W2172447910","https://openalex.org/W2183364734","https://openalex.org/W2233554446","https://openalex.org/W2242433014","https://openalex.org/W2261812172","https://openalex.org/W2293772303","https://openalex.org/W2301722375","https://openalex.org/W2402632475","https://openalex.org/W2476057645","https://openalex.org/W2476384063","https://openalex.org/W2511959214","https://openalex.org/W2539370437","https://openalex.org/W2561117348","https://openalex.org/W2735181348","https://openalex.org/W2766724703","https://openalex.org/W2775800441","https://openalex.org/W2784344721","https://openalex.org/W2790848300","https://openalex.org/W2883848507","https://openalex.org/W2901074751","https://openalex.org/W2909431704","https://openalex.org/W2911529331","https://openalex.org/W2938937533","https://openalex.org/W2964403605","https://openalex.org/W2965897699","https://openalex.org/W2966752525","https://openalex.org/W2983052607","https://openalex.org/W2983615487","https://openalex.org/W2989488751","https://openalex.org/W2996893231","https://openalex.org/W2999223554","https://openalex.org/W3002680344","https://openalex.org/W3002740371","https://openalex.org/W3009456038","https://openalex.org/W3015240837","https://openalex.org/W3049161248","https://openalex.org/W3089336405","https://openalex.org/W4244870084","https://openalex.org/W4299837619","https://openalex.org/W6607911452","https://openalex.org/W6630218691","https://openalex.org/W6630438553","https://openalex.org/W6635427538","https://openalex.org/W6676352036","https://openalex.org/W6681886567","https://openalex.org/W6690688487","https://openalex.org/W6843754520","https://openalex.org/W7052557478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386953431","https://openalex.org/W2355850745","https://openalex.org/W2109385585","https://openalex.org/W2157800466","https://openalex.org/W2388051831","https://openalex.org/W4292980915","https://openalex.org/W2531681040","https://openalex.org/W2908350895","https://openalex.org/W1983403677","https://openalex.org/W2735460997"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122,190,213],"provision":[1],"of":[2,9,40,49,79,84,108,125,146,216],"the":[3,22,31,77,144,234],"heterogeneous":[4],"information":[5,151],"acquisition":[6],"and":[7,16,36,55,64,82,97,114,120,130,149,158,177,188,200,206,236],"managing":[8],"emerging":[10],"technologies":[11],"with":[12,51,105,169],"IoT,":[13],"cloud-based":[14],"storage,":[15],"improved":[17],"communication":[18],"services":[19],"have":[20],"filled":[21],"data":[23,39,63],"scarcity":[24],"gap":[25],"on":[26],"one":[27],"hand":[28],"but":[29],"raised":[30],"challenge":[32,60],"to":[33,75,142,181,226],"extract,":[34],"process,":[35],"comprehend":[37],"relevant":[38],"complex":[41],"integrated":[42,85],"multiple":[43],"domains":[44],"involving":[45],"a":[46,147,183],"large":[47],"number":[48],"participants":[50],"diverse":[52],"spatial":[53],"terminologies":[54],"methodologies.":[56],"To":[57],"resolve":[58,76],"this":[59],"various":[61],"big":[62],"natural":[65],"language":[66],"processing":[67],"techniques":[68],"were":[69],"applied.":[70],"Another":[71],"widely":[72],"used":[73],"approach":[74],"challenges":[78],"heterogeneity,":[80],"interoperability,":[81],"complexity":[83],"domain":[86,116,228],"is":[87],"ontology-based":[88],"semantic":[89,102,106,123,156,214],"modeling.":[90],"We":[91,166],"proposed":[92],"Ontology":[93],"for":[94,101,135,185,223,230],"River":[95],"Flow":[96],"Flood":[98],"Mitigation":[99],"(ORFFM)":[100],"knowledge":[103,186,229],"formalization":[104,157],"understandability":[107],"irrigation,":[109],"disaster":[110,133,148,175,210,237],"management,":[111,176],"related":[112],"administrative":[113,179],"agricultural":[115],"concepts":[117],"by":[118,162],"humans":[119],"machines.":[121],"modeling":[124],"distributed":[126],"river":[127,172],"flow":[128],"network":[129],"associated":[131],"flood":[132,174,201],"mitigation":[134,202],"effective":[136,204],"coordination,":[137],"collaborative":[138],"response":[139],"activities":[140],"leads":[141],"reduce":[143],"impact":[145],"improve":[150],"representation":[152],"among":[153],"stakeholders.":[154],"Furthermore,":[155],"inference":[159],"are":[160],"supported":[161],"explicitly":[163],"annotated":[164],"information.":[165],"populated":[167],"ORFFM":[168],"Pakistan's":[170],"Indus":[171],"system,":[173],"Sindh":[178],"authorities":[180],"develop":[182],"knowledgebase":[184,194],"sharing":[187],"representation.":[189],"formal":[191],"semantically":[192],"enriched":[193],"would":[195,219],"contribute":[196],"towards":[197],"streamflow":[198],"optimization":[199],"through":[203],"coordination":[205],"common":[207],"conceptualization":[208],"during":[209],"management":[211,238],"phases.":[212],"model":[215],"irrigation":[217,235],"networks":[218],"also":[220],"be":[221],"useful":[222],"academic":[224],"purposes":[225],"acquire":[227],"new":[231],"entrants":[232],"in":[233],"field.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}