{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134283917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3064448","title":"Ranking the Key Areas for Autonomous Proving Ground Development Using Pareto Analytic Hierarchy Process","display_name":"Ranking the Key Areas for Autonomous Proving Ground Development Using Pareto Analytic Hierarchy Process","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134283917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3064448","mag":"3134283917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3064448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3064448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3064448","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002054220","display_name":"Szabolcs Duleba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-752X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29770179","display_name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02w42ss30","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Szabolcs Duleba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transport Technology and Economics, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport Technology and Economics, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055611722","display_name":"Tam\u00e1s Tettamanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-3653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29770179","display_name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02w42ss30","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamas Tettamanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control for Transportation and Vehicle Systems, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-3653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control for Transportation and Vehicle Systems, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078210226","display_name":"\u00c1d\u00e1m Nyerges","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2453-3448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29770179","display_name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02w42ss30","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Nyerges","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automotive Technologies, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2453-3448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automotive Technologies, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087280793","display_name":"Zsolt Szalay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-5772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29770179","display_name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02w42ss30","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zsolt Szalay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automotive Technologies, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-5772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automotive Technologies, Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29770179"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5122,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59293201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"51214","last_page":"51230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.7647970914840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pareto-principle","display_name":"Pareto principle","score":0.6863121390342712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6659017205238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytic-hierarchy-process","display_name":"Analytic hierarchy process","score":0.6628290414810181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.6311115026473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6115747690200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.5346153378486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.5233425498008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5032410025596619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3626680374145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34970059990882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.3447471261024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.23407462239265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12692809104919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12321889400482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.113780677318573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.10711410641670227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.7647970914840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137635306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667","display_name":"Pareto principle","level":2,"score":0.6863121390342712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6659017205238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87345402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485202","display_name":"Analytic hierarchy process","level":2,"score":0.6628290414810181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.6311115026473999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6115747690200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.5346153378486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5233425498008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5032410025596619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3626680374145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34970059990882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.3447471261024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.23407462239265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12692809104919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12321889400482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.113780677318573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10711410641670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3064448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3064448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:real.mtak.hu:129258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://real.mtak.hu/129258/1/publishedversion.pdf","pdf_url":"http://real.mtak.hu/129258/1/publishedversion.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400081","display_name":"Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210140733","host_organization_name":"Library and Information Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140733"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a029f2beea0c4861b43d15f139aac714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a029f2beea0c4861b43d15f139aac714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 51214-51230 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3064448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3064448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G705926518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BO/8/20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322192","funder_display_name":"Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322192","display_name":"Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia","ror":"https://ror.org/02ks8qq67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W316935178","https://openalex.org/W1515773341","https://openalex.org/W1606874730","https://openalex.org/W1907327221","https://openalex.org/W1988103794","https://openalex.org/W1988442031","https://openalex.org/W2000343360","https://openalex.org/W2020407132","https://openalex.org/W2037485150","https://openalex.org/W2255995813","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2530091840","https://openalex.org/W2613458391","https://openalex.org/W2613719029","https://openalex.org/W2660150635","https://openalex.org/W2782113942","https://openalex.org/W2791437792","https://openalex.org/W2887810464","https://openalex.org/W2890447100","https://openalex.org/W2900346429","https://openalex.org/W2910866441","https://openalex.org/W2921994838","https://openalex.org/W2935921904","https://openalex.org/W2968012574","https://openalex.org/W3025754897","https://openalex.org/W3025830634","https://openalex.org/W3096566197","https://openalex.org/W3204030268","https://openalex.org/W6737898109","https://openalex.org/W6801572225"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318028252","https://openalex.org/W4206658728","https://openalex.org/W2385683470","https://openalex.org/W2605508318","https://openalex.org/W3134416257","https://openalex.org/W2322155822","https://openalex.org/W1745582813","https://openalex.org/W2325384277","https://openalex.org/W2086306358","https://openalex.org/W3160516639"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"or":[1,38],"highly":[2],"automated":[3,62,104],"road":[4],"vehicles":[5],"and":[6,14,47,110,113],"all":[7],"related":[8],"technologies":[9],"are":[10,57,193],"under":[11],"intensive":[12],"research":[13],"development.":[15],"Moreover,":[16],"internationally":[17],"a":[18,78,91,119],"massive":[19],"investment":[20],"increase":[21],"can":[22],"be":[23,43,67,82,153],"observed":[24],"in":[25,69,96,166],"the":[26,53,58,86,126,133,139,144,157,167,170,176,180,190,198,206,231,237,242,249],"automotive":[27,34],"industry.":[28],"According":[29],"to":[30,42,81,84,90,136,143,218,235,247],"this":[31,97,100],"megatrend,":[32],"new":[33],"test":[35,173],"tracks":[36],"appear":[37],"older":[39],"ones":[40],"transform":[41],"capable":[44],"of":[45,71,93,103,122,201,230,241,251],"testing":[46],"proving":[48,73,224,244],"for":[49,61,222],"autonomous":[50,72,223,243],"vehicles.":[51],"Therefore,":[52],"question":[54],"emerges:":[55],"what":[56],"key":[59],"areas":[60],"drive":[63],"development,":[64],"which":[65],"must":[66],"financed":[68],"case":[70],"ground":[74,225,245],"design?":[75],"It":[76],"is":[77,215,234],"real":[79],"challenge":[80],"able":[83],"make":[85],"right":[87],"decisions":[88],"due":[89],"lack":[92],"numerous":[94],"experiences":[95],"field.":[98],"In":[99],"research,":[101],"experts":[102],"driving":[105],"technology":[106],"have":[107,115],"been":[108,116,130],"surveyed":[109],"their":[111],"opinion":[112],"knowledge":[114],"synthesized.":[117],"As":[118],"strong":[120],"purpose":[121],"gaining":[123],"robust":[124,194],"results,":[125],"conventional":[127],"AHP":[128],"has":[129,187],"amended":[131],"by":[132],"Pareto":[134,172,207],"approach":[135],"ensure":[137],"that":[138,150,175,189],"derived":[140],"weights":[141],"correspond":[142],"expert":[145,181],"scoring":[146],"intention":[147],"so":[148],"perfectly":[149],"it":[151],"cannot":[152],"more":[154],"improved.":[155],"Since":[156],"non-Pareto":[158],"optimal":[159],"weight":[160],"results":[161,192],"might":[162],"cause":[163],"rank":[164],"reversal":[165],"final":[168,177],"prioritization,":[169],"applied":[171],"guarantees":[174],"outcome":[178],"reflects":[179],"evaluators'":[182],"incentive.":[183],"The":[184,210,227],"conducted":[185],"analysis":[186],"indicated":[188],"obtained":[191],"not":[195],"only":[196],"from":[197,205],"sensitivity":[199],"point":[200],"view":[202],"but":[203],"also":[204],"optimality":[208],"approach.":[209],"proposed":[211],"hierarchical":[212],"decision":[213,220],"model":[214],"therefore":[216],"applicable":[217],"assist":[219],"making":[221],"developments.":[226],"main":[228],"contribution":[229],"article,":[232],"however,":[233],"present":[236],"first":[238],"reliable":[239],"prioritization":[240],"elements":[246],"extend":[248],"body":[250],"professional":[252],"knowledge.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}