{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134091181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3062493","title":"DeepKneeExplainer: Explainable Knee Osteoarthritis Diagnosis From Radiographs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging","display_name":"DeepKneeExplainer: Explainable Knee Osteoarthritis Diagnosis From Radiographs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134091181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3062493","mag":"3134091181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3062493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3062493","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09363889.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09363889.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114549797","display_name":"Md. Rezaul Karim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-9183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110507","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01ak24c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Rezaul Karim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Sankt Augustin, Germany","Computer Science 5-Information Systems and Databases, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-9183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science 5-Information Systems and Databases, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101665072","display_name":"Jiao Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3495-5158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131336","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03vyq6t71","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131336","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiao Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005496964","display_name":"Till D\u00f6hmen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7483-0099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110507","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01ak24c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Till Dohmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Sankt Augustin, Germany","Computer Science 5-Information Systems and Databases, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7483-0099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science 5-Information Systems and Databases, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041317183","display_name":"Michael Cochez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5726-4638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","display_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/02scfj030","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438","https://openalex.org/I4210160603"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Cochez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","Elsevier's Discovery Lab, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5726-4638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elsevier's Discovery Lab, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067635650","display_name":"Oya Beyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7611-3501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110507","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01ak24c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oya Beyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Sankt Augustin, Germany","Computer Science 5-Information Systems and Databases, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7611-3501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science 5-Information Systems and Databases, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006224704","display_name":"Dietrich Rebholz\u2010Schuhmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-0370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112663","display_name":"ZB MED - Information Centre for Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0259fwx54","country_code":"DE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112663"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dietrich Rebholz-Schuhmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZB MED\u2014Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-0370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZB MED\u2014Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112663"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071104283","display_name":"Stefan Decker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-7164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110507","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01ak24c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Decker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Sankt Augustin, Germany","Computer Science 5-Information Systems and Databases, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-7164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science 5-Information Systems and Databases, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.1683,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98465015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"39757","last_page":"39780"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12647","display_name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies","score":0.9718999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12647","display_name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies","score":0.9718999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9675999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.910099983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7147283554077148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6668435335159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoarthritis","display_name":"Osteoarthritis","score":0.6178902983665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.5962965488433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5323081016540527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5083841681480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.5079401135444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.46122318506240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.45282042026519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.43149155378341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40975165367126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3217155337333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2711314260959625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.26739567518234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.1400006115436554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11672148108482361}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7147283554077148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6668435335159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776164576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62736","display_name":"Osteoarthritis","level":3,"score":0.6178902983665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.5962965488433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5323081016540527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5083841681480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.5079401135444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.46122318506240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.45282042026519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.43149155378341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40975165367126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3217155337333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2711314260959625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.26739567518234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1400006115436554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11672148108482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3062493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3062493","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09363889.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/c06b27eb-c11b-4eed-a469-6969b339ab5d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/c06b27eb-c11b-4eed-a469-6969b339ab5d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Karim, M R, Jiao, J, Dohmen, T, Cochez, M, Beyan, O, Rebholz-Schuhmann, D & Decker, S 2021, 'DeepKneeExplainer: Explainable Knee Osteoarthritis Diagnosis from Radiographs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging', IEEE Access, vol. 9, 9363889, pp. 39757-39780. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3062493","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e974cb33b53847c89f5fe106be172711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e974cb33b53847c89f5fe106be172711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 39757-39780 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-635243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-635243.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer ISI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:publica/267514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/267514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:817807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/817807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE access 9, 39757-39780 (2021). doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3062493","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire/c06b27eb-c11b-4eed-a469-6969b339ab5d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/c06b27eb-c11b-4eed-a469-6969b339ab5d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Karim, M R, Jiao, J, Dohmen, T, Cochez, M, Beyan, O, Rebholz-Schuhmann, D & Decker, S 2021, 'DeepKneeExplainer: Explainable Knee Osteoarthritis Diagnosis from Radiographs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging', IEEE Access, vol. 9, 9363889, pp. 39757-39780. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3062493","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3062493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3062493","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09363889.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134091181.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134091181.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":110,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1553719179","https://openalex.org/W1583197644","https://openalex.org/W1678667932","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1744865923","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1967057044","https://openalex.org/W1967170359","https://openalex.org/W1981416814","https://openalex.org/W1988782889","https://openalex.org/W2001502878","https://openalex.org/W2015357762","https://openalex.org/W2015721357","https://openalex.org/W2024483981","https://openalex.org/W2032994816","https://openalex.org/W2034497973","https://openalex.org/W2041606520","https://openalex.org/W2069628799","https://openalex.org/W2081765818","https://openalex.org/W2082807782","https://openalex.org/W2090835074","https://openalex.org/W2101981311","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2109440805","https://openalex.org/W2114512048","https://openalex.org/W2133073150","https://openalex.org/W2140215285","https://openalex.org/W2150134853","https://openalex.org/W2162297390","https://openalex.org/W2166538457","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2195388612","https://openalex.org/W2242484038","https://openalex.org/W2253579545","https://openalex.org/W2266355507","https://openalex.org/W2281431176","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2321335586","https://openalex.org/W2337438617","https://openalex.org/W2339037837","https://openalex.org/W2404149847","https://openalex.org/W2420826781","https://openalex.org/W2477332545","https://openalex.org/W2527824850","https://openalex.org/W2531345424","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2572522278","https://openalex.org/W2584931492","https://openalex.org/W2585645159","https://openalex.org/W2588066131","https://openalex.org/W2604759322","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2620915497","https://openalex.org/W2625705642","https://openalex.org/W2751884637","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2766346480","https://openalex.org/W2767259760","https://openalex.org/W2775114450","https://openalex.org/W2778277522","https://openalex.org/W2783960414","https://openalex.org/W2784047946","https://openalex.org/W2790043386","https://openalex.org/W2790091880","https://openalex.org/W2798174384","https://openalex.org/W2801319275","https://openalex.org/W2803072743","https://openalex.org/W2803124174","https://openalex.org/W2803354268","https://openalex.org/W2804599513","https://openalex.org/W2897454585","https://openalex.org/W2903165775","https://openalex.org/W2905307056","https://openalex.org/W2907762094","https://openalex.org/W2951696358","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963202012","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963510708","https://openalex.org/W2963565427","https://openalex.org/W2969115771","https://openalex.org/W2991530390","https://openalex.org/W2998512002","https://openalex.org/W2998970832","https://openalex.org/W3006326483","https://openalex.org/W3010838540","https://openalex.org/W3012430016","https://openalex.org/W3017157669","https://openalex.org/W3017257313","https://openalex.org/W3032911858","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W4243628179","https://openalex.org/W4288623659","https://openalex.org/W4300485340","https://openalex.org/W4323274239","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6654460974","https://openalex.org/W6693980118","https://openalex.org/W6721514182","https://openalex.org/W6737496325","https://openalex.org/W6746693533","https://openalex.org/W6751758391","https://openalex.org/W6757328097","https://openalex.org/W6757865929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W650762618","https://openalex.org/W2579996474","https://openalex.org/W4386590483","https://openalex.org/W4242815383","https://openalex.org/W2346491184","https://openalex.org/W2169904250","https://openalex.org/W4388075929","https://openalex.org/W1902427662","https://openalex.org/W2128878586","https://openalex.org/W4323287533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Osteoarthritis":[0],"(OA)":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,122],"degenerative":[4],"joint":[5],"disease,":[6],"which":[7,80,108,138],"significantly":[8],"affects":[9],"middle-aged":[10],"and":[11,30,39,68,75,84,133,150,160,192,210,254,260,268],"elderly":[12],"people.":[13],"Although":[14],"primarily":[15],"identified":[16],"via":[17],"hyaline":[18],"cartilage":[19],"change":[20],"based":[21,50,130,225],"on":[22,36,51,131,195,226],"medical":[23,252],"images,":[24],"technical":[25],"bottlenecks":[26],"like":[27],"noise,":[28],"artifacts,":[29],"modality":[31],"impose":[32],"an":[33,110,265],"enormous":[34],"challenge":[35],"high-precision,":[37],"objective,":[38],"efficient":[40],"early":[41],"quantification":[42],"of":[43,175,220,270],"OA.":[44],"Owing":[45],"to":[46,65,95,237,256],"recent":[47],"advancements,":[48],"approaches":[49,89],"neural":[52],"networks":[53],"(DNNs)":[54],"have":[55,92],"shown":[56],"outstanding":[57],"success":[58],"in":[59,102,113,273],"this":[60,118],"application":[61],"domain.":[62],"However,":[63],"due":[64],"nested":[66],"non-linear":[67],"complex":[69],"structures,":[70],"DNNs":[71],"are":[72],"mostly":[73],"opaque":[74],"perceived":[76],"as":[77],"black-box":[78],"methods,":[79],"raises":[81],"numerous":[82],"legal":[83],"ethical":[85],"concerns.":[86],"Moreover,":[87],"these":[88],"do":[90],"not":[91],"the":[93,97,103,114,153,173,187,196,221,227,274],"ability":[94],"provide":[96],"reasoning":[98],"behind":[99],"diagnosis":[100,129],"decisions":[101],"way":[104],"humans":[105],"would":[106],"do,":[107],"poses":[109],"additional":[111],"risk":[112],"clinical":[115,275],"setting.":[116],"In":[117],"paper,":[119],"we":[120,139,146,171,189,200],"propose":[121],"novel":[123],"explainable":[124,258],"method":[125],"for":[126,167,277],"knee":[127,279],"OA":[128,280],"radiographs":[132,151],"magnetic":[134],"resonance":[135],"imaging":[136],"(MRI),":[137],"called":[140],"<monospace":[141],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[142],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">DeepKneeExplainer</monospace>":[143],".":[144],"First,":[145],"comprehensively":[147],"preprocess":[148],"MRIs":[149],"through":[152],"deep-stacked":[154],"transformation":[155],"technique":[156],"against":[157],"possible":[158],"noises":[159],"artifacts":[161],"that":[162,247],"could":[163],"contain":[164],"unseen":[165],"images":[166],"domain":[168],"generalization.":[169],"Then,":[170],"extract":[172],"region":[174],"interests":[176],"(ROIs)":[177],"by":[178,216],"employing":[179],"U-Net":[180],"architecture":[181],"with":[182],"ResNet":[183],"backbone.":[184],"To":[185],"classify":[186],"cohorts,":[188,232],"train":[190],"DenseNet":[191],"VGG":[193],"architectures":[194],"extracted":[197],"ROIs.":[198],"Finally,":[199],"highlight":[201],"class-discriminating":[202],"regions":[203],"using":[204],"gradient-guided":[205],"class":[206],"activation":[207],"maps":[208],"(Grad-CAM++)":[209],"layer-wise":[211],"relevance":[212],"propagation":[213],"(LRP),":[214],"followed":[215],"providing":[217],"human-interpretable":[218],"explanations":[219],"predictions.":[222],"Comprehensive":[223],"experiments":[224],"multicenter":[228],"osteoarthritis":[229],"study":[230],"(MOST)":[231],"our":[233,248],"approach":[234],"yields":[235],"up":[236],"91%":[238],"classification":[239],"accuracy,":[240],"outperforming":[241],"comparable":[242],"state-of-the-art":[243],"approaches.":[244],"We":[245],"hope":[246],"results":[249],"will":[250],"encourage":[251],"researchers":[253],"developers":[255],"adopt":[257],"methods":[259],"DNN-based":[261],"analytic":[262],"pipelines":[263],"towards":[264],"increasing":[266],"acceptance":[267],"adoption":[269],"AI-assisted":[271],"applications":[272],"practice":[276],"improved":[278],"diagnoses.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}