{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129545517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3061411","title":"On the Design and Implementation of a Blockchain Enabled E-Voting Application Within IoT-Oriented Smart Cities","display_name":"On the Design and Implementation of a Blockchain Enabled E-Voting Application Within IoT-Oriented Smart Cities","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129545517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3061411","mag":"3129545517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3061411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3061411","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09360732.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09360732.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077775180","display_name":"Geetanjali Rathee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-1912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153954893","display_name":"Jaypee University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hshrf16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Geetanjali Rathee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-1912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035643682","display_name":"Razi Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-3665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170606269","display_name":"University of the Fraser Valley","ror":"https://ror.org/04h6w7946","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170606269"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Razi Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-3665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170606269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035909356","display_name":"Omer Waqar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1787-7100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160262251","display_name":"Thompson Rivers University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v9wj339","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160262251"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omer Waqar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1787-7100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160262251"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088617561","display_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kashif Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2601-9327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077775180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":32.7143,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":150,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99777616,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"34165","last_page":"34176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7794128656387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7675349712371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.697585940361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.6544128656387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6233705878257751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.5894712805747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4901152551174164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ubiquitous-computing","display_name":"Ubiquitous computing","score":0.42549288272857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3204106390476227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.30802232027053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1865755319595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.10442063212394714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.0919538140296936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7794128656387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7675349712371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.697585940361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.6544128656387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6233705878257751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.5894712805747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4901152551174164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172195944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541265","display_name":"Ubiquitous computing","level":2,"score":0.42549288272857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3204106390476227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.30802232027053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1865755319595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10442063212394714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.0919538140296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3061411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3061411","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09360732.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:627613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6c4afdda9ddc4a009ca757a245242689","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6c4afdda9ddc4a009ca757a245242689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 34165-34176 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3061411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3061411","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09360732.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2674605119","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VIU-ISHITR-180/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313922","funder_display_name":"Tomsk Polytechnic University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313922","display_name":"Tomsk Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a45v709"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313952","display_name":"Thompson Rivers University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v9wj339"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129545517.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129545517.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053279442","https://openalex.org/W2082224023","https://openalex.org/W2155835126","https://openalex.org/W2733889053","https://openalex.org/W2751512711","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2772406819","https://openalex.org/W2772664513","https://openalex.org/W2784592234","https://openalex.org/W2791327238","https://openalex.org/W2793188405","https://openalex.org/W2799639035","https://openalex.org/W2800753141","https://openalex.org/W2873380356","https://openalex.org/W2887415885","https://openalex.org/W2890096246","https://openalex.org/W2901008672","https://openalex.org/W2908134219","https://openalex.org/W2913662078","https://openalex.org/W2913992778","https://openalex.org/W2913997385","https://openalex.org/W2914374206","https://openalex.org/W2917351259","https://openalex.org/W2956303394","https://openalex.org/W2968254374","https://openalex.org/W2969971691","https://openalex.org/W2994725566","https://openalex.org/W3014318432","https://openalex.org/W3022550689","https://openalex.org/W3100279028","https://openalex.org/W3143159859"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"smart":[1,21,75,185],"city":[2],"refers":[3],"to":[4,64,74,86,101,126,147,167,176,236],"an":[5,228],"intelligent":[6],"environment":[7],"obtained":[8],"by":[9,98,157,184,227],"deploying":[10],"all":[11,80,194],"available":[12],"resources":[13],"and":[14,20,41,89,116,206,221,256,263],"recent":[15],"technologies":[16,72],"in":[17,68,92,119,123,165,174,234],"a":[18,48,56,127,134,169,187,204],"coordinated":[19],"manner.":[22],"Intelligent":[23],"sensors":[24],"(Internet":[25],"of":[26,50,59,71,107,109,136,181,193,219,253,259],"Things":[27],"(IoT)":[28],"devices)":[29],"along":[30],"with":[31,104,216],"5G":[32],"technology":[33,215],"working":[34],"mutually":[35],"are":[36,83,198],"steadily":[37],"becoming":[38],"more":[39,45],"pervasive":[40],"accomplish":[42],"users'":[43],"desires":[44],"effectively.":[46],"Among":[47],"variety":[49],"IoT":[51,60,151,196,211],"use":[52],"cases,":[53],"e-voting":[54,121,208],"is":[55,146,189,242],"considerable":[57],"application":[58],"that":[61],"relegates":[62],"it":[63,241],"the":[65,69,81,99,105,110,114,120,140,143,149,154,217,223,238],"next":[66],"phase":[67],"growth":[70],"related":[73],"cities.":[76],"In":[77],"conventional":[78],"applications,":[79],"devices":[82,94,152,197,212],"often":[84],"assumed":[85],"be":[87,96],"cooperative":[88],"trusted.":[90],"However,":[91],"practice,":[93],"may":[95,132],"disrupted":[97],"intruders":[100,131],"behave":[102],"maliciously":[103],"aim":[106,218],"degradation":[108],"network":[111],"services.":[112],"Therefore,":[113],"privacy":[115],"security":[117,246],"flaws":[118],"systems":[122],"particular":[124],"lead":[125],"huge":[128],"problem":[129],"where":[130,191],"perform":[133],"number":[135],"frauds":[137],"for":[138],"rigging":[139],"polls.":[141],"Thus,":[142],"potential":[144],"challenge":[145],"distinguish":[148],"legitimate":[150,170,195],"from":[153,178],"malicious":[155],"ones":[156],"computing":[158],"their":[159],"trust":[160],"values":[161],"through":[162,210],"social":[163],"optimizer":[164],"order":[166,175,235],"establish":[168],"communication":[171],"environment.":[172],"Further,":[173,233],"prevent":[177],"future":[179],"modifications":[180],"data":[182],"captured":[183],"devices,":[186],"Blockchain":[188,214],"maintained":[190],"blocks":[192],"recorded.":[199],"This":[200],"article":[201],"has":[202],"introduced":[203],"secure":[205],"transparent":[207],"mechanism":[209],"using":[213],"detecting":[220],"resolving":[222],"various":[224,231,245],"threats":[225],"caused":[226],"intruder":[229],"at":[230],"levels.":[232],"validate":[237],"proposed":[239],"mechanism,":[240],"analyzed":[243],"against":[244],"parameters":[247],"such":[248],"as":[249],"message":[250],"alteration,":[251],"Denial":[252,258],"Service":[254,260],"(DoS)":[255],"Distributed":[257],"(DDoS)":[261],"attack":[262],"authentication":[264],"delay.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
