{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131633731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3059690","title":"A New Cost Function for Spatial Image Steganography Based on 2D-SSA and WMF","display_name":"A New Cost Function for Spatial Image Steganography Based on 2D-SSA and WMF","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131633731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3059690","mag":"3131633731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3059690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3059690","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09356599.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09356599.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043549554","display_name":"Guoliang Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5465-039X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoliang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, China","University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5465-039X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084316677","display_name":"Jinchang Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6116-3194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinchang Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Subsea Centre, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, U.K","School of Computer Sciences, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6116-3194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Subsea Centre, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082466450","display_name":"Stephen Marshall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7079-5628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Marshall","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7079-5628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075054710","display_name":"Huimin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6877-2002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huimin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6877-2002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338276","display_name":"Huihui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0463-8178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122543","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huihui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Sciences, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0463-8178","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Sciences, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2248,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80929453,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"30604","last_page":"30614"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6279814839363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5424360632896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.5300167798995972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4688853919506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4329510033130646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.40507131814956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3962029814720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07926937937736511}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6279814839363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5424360632896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.5300167798995972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4688853919506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4329510033130646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40507131814956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3962029814720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07926937937736511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3059690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3059690","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09356599.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:75484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1213200.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rgu-repository.worktribe.com:1223835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/1223835","pdf_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/file/1223835/1/XIE%202021%20A%20new%20cost%20function","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400814","display_name":"Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","host_organization_name":"Robert Gordon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ec21c4798fc4ea48c55aa9f0b8bdce6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ec21c4798fc4ea48c55aa9f0b8bdce6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 30604-30614 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3059690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3059690","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09356599.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2524881916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019KSYS009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326279","funder_display_name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3930891986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019KSYS009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6048656541","display_name":"\u591a\u6a21\u6001\u56fe\u50cf\u611f\u77e5\u53ca\u5176\u7279\u5f81\u6570\u636e\u878d\u5408\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8483056244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310234","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318653","display_name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pcb5m77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326279","display_name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131633731.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131633731.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22271197","https://openalex.org/W1482218439","https://openalex.org/W1955882805","https://openalex.org/W1965064373","https://openalex.org/W1976570511","https://openalex.org/W1983044509","https://openalex.org/W2001914975","https://openalex.org/W2009130368","https://openalex.org/W2031466562","https://openalex.org/W2036237598","https://openalex.org/W2097435234","https://openalex.org/W2101248405","https://openalex.org/W2106663508","https://openalex.org/W2124664712","https://openalex.org/W2134527668","https://openalex.org/W2139842737","https://openalex.org/W2170598445","https://openalex.org/W2192227561","https://openalex.org/W2291390035","https://openalex.org/W2322622188","https://openalex.org/W2538511122","https://openalex.org/W2542290803","https://openalex.org/W2612119906","https://openalex.org/W2775462490","https://openalex.org/W2884949766","https://openalex.org/W2892948265","https://openalex.org/W2938154516","https://openalex.org/W2964154124","https://openalex.org/W3034706371","https://openalex.org/W3046549894","https://openalex.org/W4239092273","https://openalex.org/W4253000688","https://openalex.org/W6696876242"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005185696","https://openalex.org/W2161229648","https://openalex.org/W2235753890","https://openalex.org/W2993674027","https://openalex.org/W2130228941","https://openalex.org/W2092957489","https://openalex.org/W2366116130","https://openalex.org/W2314419244","https://openalex.org/W2132132164","https://openalex.org/W2889893736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"an":[1],"essential":[2],"tool":[3],"for":[4,33],"secure":[5],"communications,":[6],"adaptive":[7,34],"steganography":[8,35],"aims":[9],"to":[10,55,108],"communicate":[11],"secret":[12],"information":[13],"with":[14,116],"the":[15,21,48,52,62,75,85,90,95,99,105,110,122,125,150,156,165],"least":[16],"security":[17],"cost.":[18],"Inspired":[19],"by":[20,114],"Ranking":[22],"Priority":[23],"Profile":[24],"(RPP),":[25],"we":[26,103],"propose":[27],"a":[28,57],"novel":[29],"two-step":[30,76],"cost":[31,58,77],"function":[32],"in":[36,73,83,146],"this":[37],"paper.":[38],"The":[39,79],"RPP":[40],"mainly":[41],"includes":[42],"three":[43],"rules,":[44],"i.e.":[45],"Complexity-First":[46,96],"rule,":[47,54],"Clustering":[49,100],"rule":[50,97,107],"and":[51,68,88,98],"Spreading":[53,106],"design":[56],"function.":[59,78],"We":[60],"use":[61],"two-dimensional":[63],"Singular":[64],"Spectrum":[65],"Analysis":[66],"(2D-SSA)":[67],"Weighted":[69],"Median":[70],"Filter":[71],"(WMF)":[72],"designing":[74],"2D-SSA":[80,115],"is":[81,159,168],"employed":[82],"selecting":[84],"key":[86],"components":[87],"clustering":[89],"embedding":[91],"positions,":[92],"which":[93,128],"follows":[94],"rule.":[101],"Also,":[102],"deploy":[104],"smooth":[109],"resulting":[111],"image":[112],"produced":[113],"WMF.":[117],"Extensive":[118],"experiments":[119],"have":[120],"shown":[121],"efficacy":[123],"of":[124],"proposed":[126,166],"method,":[127],"has":[129],"improved":[130],"performance":[131,145],"over":[132],"four":[133],"benchmarking":[134],"approaches":[135],"against":[136],"non-shared":[137],"selection":[138],"channel":[139],"attack.":[140],"It":[141],"also":[142],"provides":[143],"comparable":[144],"selection-channel-aware":[147],"scenarios,":[148],"where":[149],"best":[151],"results":[152],"are":[153],"observed":[154],"when":[155],"relative":[157],"payload":[158],"0.3":[160],"bpp":[161],"or":[162],"larger.":[163],"Besides,":[164],"approach":[167],"much":[169],"faster":[170],"than":[171],"other":[172],"model-based":[173],"methods.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}