{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117052584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058854","title":"Auto-Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Lung CT Images With Semi-Supervised Shallow Learning Network","display_name":"Auto-Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Lung CT Images With Semi-Supervised Shallow Learning Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117052584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058854","mag":"3117052584"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3058854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058854","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09352732.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09352732.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018715621","display_name":"Debanjan Konar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7423-9319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81433678","display_name":"Sikkim Manipal University","ror":"https://ror.org/010gckf65","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81433678"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debanjan Konar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, India","Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81433678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073634264","display_name":"Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2062-2889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bijaya K. Panigrahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005258575","display_name":"Siddhartha Bhattacharyya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0360-7919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48018076","display_name":"Christ University","ror":"https://ror.org/022tv9y30","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48018076"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddhartha Bhattacharyya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48018076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000975435","display_name":"Nilanjan Dey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-498X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nilanjan Dey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JIS University, Kolkata, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, JIS University, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083182498","display_name":"Richard Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1721-9474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018715621"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433","https://openalex.org/I81433678"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.6825,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97423373,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"28716","last_page":"28728"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7435269355773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6959054470062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.688054084777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6330753564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5585184097290039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5484240651130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5413789749145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.5180357098579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49750664830207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3464087247848511}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7435269355773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6959054470062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.688054084777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6330753564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5585184097290039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5484240651130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5413789749145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.5180357098579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49750664830207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3464087247848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3058854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058854","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09352732.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:151664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/151664/1/Access_2020_61504.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59a97f48255b4d088d6f9e7210015492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59a97f48255b4d088d6f9e7210015492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 28716-28728 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3058854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058854","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09352732.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2418174657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P009727/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2844685089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P009727/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4910419985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RF-2019-492","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","funder_display_name":"Leverhulme Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8112991934","display_name":"Privacy-Protected Human Identification in Encrypted/Transformed Domains","funder_award_id":"EP/P009727/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","display_name":"Leverhulme Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/012mzw131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117052584.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117052584.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521488320","https://openalex.org/W1969590972","https://openalex.org/W2016811056","https://openalex.org/W2026141975","https://openalex.org/W2038600526","https://openalex.org/W2079595223","https://openalex.org/W2109149352","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2273520864","https://openalex.org/W2302302587","https://openalex.org/W2381567835","https://openalex.org/W2547793631","https://openalex.org/W2743142445","https://openalex.org/W2760946358","https://openalex.org/W2769848455","https://openalex.org/W2946185430","https://openalex.org/W2963076262","https://openalex.org/W2980831059","https://openalex.org/W2982162446","https://openalex.org/W2996232652","https://openalex.org/W3005879071","https://openalex.org/W3007497549","https://openalex.org/W3011149445","https://openalex.org/W3011414569","https://openalex.org/W3012127105","https://openalex.org/W3016069520","https://openalex.org/W3017403618","https://openalex.org/W3017482598","https://openalex.org/W3021654843","https://openalex.org/W3023012156","https://openalex.org/W3023180050","https://openalex.org/W3023402713","https://openalex.org/W3024575832","https://openalex.org/W3025576489","https://openalex.org/W3026931681","https://openalex.org/W3028070348","https://openalex.org/W3099110255","https://openalex.org/W3108591672","https://openalex.org/W3115781494","https://openalex.org/W6739201042","https://openalex.org/W6773675225","https://openalex.org/W6966869944","https://openalex.org/W7015098694"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W2947043951","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,6,37,135,162,166,190,209,217,237],"current":[2],"world":[3],"pandemic":[4],"situation,":[5],"contagious":[7],"Novel":[8],"Coronavirus":[9],"Disease":[10],"2019":[11],"(COVID-19)":[12],"has":[13],"raised":[14],"a":[15,33,62],"real":[16],"threat":[17],"to":[18,22,39,224,233],"human":[19,28],"lives":[20],"owing":[21],"infection":[23,42],"on":[24,44,155,200],"lung":[25,45,72,98,142],"cells":[26],"and":[27,189,208,214,241,250],"respiratory":[29],"systems.":[30],"It":[31],"is":[32,81,90,159,222,230],"daunting":[34],"task":[35,188],"for":[36,48,68,139,185,193],"researchers":[38],"find":[40],"suitable":[41],"patterns":[43],"CT":[46,73,99,143,203],"images":[47,74],"automated":[49,95],"diagnosis":[50,210],"of":[51,71,97,112,115,141,148,165,202,216],"COVID-19.":[52],"A":[53,109,151],"novel":[54],"integrated":[55,218],"semi-supervised":[56,168,219],"shallow":[57,169,220],"neural":[58,105,170,244],"network":[59,106,171],"framework":[60,221],"comprising":[61],"Parallel":[63],"Quantum-Inspired":[64],"Self-supervised":[65],"Network":[66],"(PQIS-Net)":[67],"automatic":[69],"segmentation":[70,96,140,187,201],"followed":[75],"by":[76],"Fully":[77],"Connected":[78],"(FC)":[79],"layers,":[80],"proposed":[82,87,228],"in":[83,134,248],"this":[84],"article.":[85],"The":[86,197,227],"PQIS-Net":[88,137,156,207],"model":[89,229],"aimed":[91],"at":[92,161],"providing":[93],"fully":[94],"slices":[100,144,158,204],"without":[101],"incorporating":[102],"pre-trained":[103,242],"convolutional":[104,243],"based":[107],"models.":[108],"parallel":[110],"trinity":[111],"layered":[113],"structure":[114],"quantum":[116],"bits":[117],"are":[118],"interconnected":[119],"using":[120,178,205],"an":[121],"<inline-formula":[122],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[123],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[124],"<tex-math":[125],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mathcal":[126],"{N}$":[127],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[128],"-connected":[129],"second":[130],"order":[131],"neighborhood-based":[132],"topology":[133],"suggested":[136,167],"architecture":[138],"with":[145],"wide":[146],"variations":[147],"local":[149],"intensities.":[150],"random":[152],"patch-based":[153],"classification":[154,163,194],"segmented":[157],"incorporated":[160],"layers":[164],"framework.":[172],"Intensive":[173],"experiments":[174],"have":[175],"been":[176],"conducted":[177],"three":[179],"publicly":[180],"available":[181],"data":[182],"sets,":[183],"one":[184],"purely":[186],"other":[191],"two":[192],"(COVID-19":[195],"diagnosis).":[196],"experimental":[198],"outcome":[199],"self-supervised":[206],"efficiency":[211],"(Accuracy,":[212],"Precision":[213],"AUC)":[215],"found":[223,232],"be":[225,234],"promising.":[226],"also":[231],"superior":[235],"than":[236],"best":[238],"state-of-the-art":[239],"techniques":[240],"network-based":[245],"models,":[246],"specially":[247],"COVID-19":[249],"Mycoplasma":[251],"Pneumonia":[252],"(MP)":[253],"screening.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}