{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127442980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058271","title":"Cognitive Load During Multitasking Can Be Accurately Assessed Based on Single Channel Electroencephalography Using Graph Methods","display_name":"Cognitive Load During Multitasking Can Be Accurately Assessed Based on Single Channel Electroencephalography Using Graph Methods","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127442980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058271","mag":"3127442980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3058271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058271","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09350659.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09350659.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037385933","display_name":"Guohun Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3356-8236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohun Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3356-8236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911","https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027586148","display_name":"Fangrong Zong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2299-2069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112540","display_name":"Institute of Biophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01tyv8576","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112540"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangrong Zong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051702186","display_name":"Hua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911","https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005584663","display_name":"Bizhong Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1523-1125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bizhong Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100610446","display_name":"Feng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-2601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1074-2601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911","https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":2.3196,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8819783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"33102","last_page":"33109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-multitasking","display_name":"Human multitasking","score":0.696587324142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5781197547912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5330720543861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.5303921103477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.480241596698761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.4621952176094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4476449191570282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3361220359802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33442068099975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.326019287109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.2064332365989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.20160910487174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.13946741819381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.13920533657073975}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107418235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520565","display_name":"Human multitasking","level":2,"score":0.696587324142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5781197547912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5330720543861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.5303921103477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.480241596698761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.4621952176094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4476449191570282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3361220359802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33442068099975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.326019287109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2064332365989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.20160910487174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.13946741819381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.13920533657073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3058271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058271","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09350659.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:032540c6ae174b67906ee57969f9d367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/032540c6ae174b67906ee57969f9d367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 33102-33109 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3058271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3058271","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09350659.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1296351730","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YD16E18","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336239","funder_display_name":"Guangxi Cloud Computing and Big Data Collaborative Innovation Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5728043950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336239","display_name":"Guangxi Cloud Computing and Big Data Collaborative Innovation Center","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127442980.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127442980.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1724210103","https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1941755770","https://openalex.org/W1967395107","https://openalex.org/W1968059839","https://openalex.org/W1968918799","https://openalex.org/W1976490990","https://openalex.org/W1980877068","https://openalex.org/W2046036800","https://openalex.org/W2074738102","https://openalex.org/W2085136972","https://openalex.org/W2088478798","https://openalex.org/W2098149468","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2148606196","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2500538983","https://openalex.org/W2528351778","https://openalex.org/W2558144892","https://openalex.org/W2606337139","https://openalex.org/W2617006866","https://openalex.org/W2757577862","https://openalex.org/W2887619562","https://openalex.org/W2888206852","https://openalex.org/W2894692871","https://openalex.org/W2897205167","https://openalex.org/W2901913975","https://openalex.org/W2908441800","https://openalex.org/W2912874308","https://openalex.org/W2915317031","https://openalex.org/W2931937461","https://openalex.org/W2952113293","https://openalex.org/W2953360276","https://openalex.org/W2983152572","https://openalex.org/W2996522571","https://openalex.org/W3017161802","https://openalex.org/W3092543291","https://openalex.org/W6637563832","https://openalex.org/W6730274339","https://openalex.org/W6783733893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388263628","https://openalex.org/W4242930893","https://openalex.org/W3140336604","https://openalex.org/W2488058330","https://openalex.org/W1988895983","https://openalex.org/W4237084280","https://openalex.org/W2886487614","https://openalex.org/W4242426637","https://openalex.org/W2940047422","https://openalex.org/W2901913975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mental":[0],"workload":[1,279],"has":[2],"been":[3],"widely":[4],"estimated":[5],"based":[6],"on":[7,179,214],"electroencephalography":[8],"(EEG)":[9],"in":[10,87,147,174],"the":[11,24,43,52,62,73,91,133,137,140,143,165,180,215,233,262,277,288],"frequency":[12,16],"domain.":[13],"However,":[14],"simple":[15],"features":[17,76,159,188],"are":[18,31,110,177,189,224],"not":[19],"entirely":[20],"accurate":[21],"indicators":[22],"of":[23,51,61,139,160,164,171,182,232,264,268],"cognitive":[25,93,144,172,234,243,253],"load":[26,94,145,173,244,254,270],"because":[27],"surface":[28],"EEG":[29,53,80,115,292],"signals":[30],"weak,":[32],"nonstationary":[33],"and":[34,48,107,125,154,168,197,206,222,239],"randomness.":[35],"We":[36],"hypothesize":[37],"that":[38,276],"graph":[39,75,99,187,260,289],"methods,":[40],"which":[41],"analyse":[42],"relationship":[44],"between":[45],"each":[46],"point":[47],"other":[49],"points":[50],"signals,":[54],"may":[55],"provide":[56],"a":[57,127,192,198,207,228],"more":[58,229],"precise":[59],"identification":[60],"mental":[63,269,278],"load.":[64,156],"To":[65],"investigate":[66],"this":[67],"hypothesis,":[68],"we":[69],"aim":[70],"to":[71,89,96,201,291],"identify":[72],"optimum":[74],"from":[77,112],"14":[78],"channel":[79],"recordings":[81],"(sampling":[82],"rate":[83],"=":[84],"128":[85],"Hz)":[86],"order":[88],"detect":[90],"high":[92,252],"related":[95],"multitasking.":[97],"Three":[98],"features:":[100],"mean":[101],"degree$\\overline":[102],"{d}$,":[103],"clustering":[104],"coefficient$\\overline":[105],"{c}$,":[106],"degree":[108],"distribution$p(k)$,":[109],"extracted":[111],"48":[113],"subjects":[114],"records.":[116],"Each":[117],"experimental":[118],"subject":[119,141,166],"conducts":[120],"two":[121,169,266],"tasks:":[122],"without":[123],"tasks":[124,176],"with":[126,142,237,251,281],"simultaneous":[128],"capacity":[129],"task,":[130],"respectively.":[131,212],"After":[132],"experiment":[134],"is":[135,245,271],"completed,":[136],"feeling":[138],"tags":[146],"three":[148,162,208,259],"types:":[149],"low":[150,242],"load,":[151,153],"medium":[152],"heavy":[155],"The":[157],"optimal":[158,226],"these":[161],"levels":[163],"sensation":[167],"types":[170,267],"different":[175],"selected":[178],"basis":[181],"statistical":[183],"analysis.":[184],"Then":[185],"all":[186],"forwarded":[190],"into":[191],"support":[193],"vector":[194],"machine":[195],"(SVM)":[196],"decision":[199],"tree":[200],"conduct":[202],"objective":[203],"scoring":[204],"classification":[205],"subjective":[209],"rating":[210],"classification,":[211],"Based":[213],"present":[216],"results,channels":[217],"O2,":[218],"T8,":[219],"FC6,":[220],"F8,":[221],"AF4":[223],"considered":[225],"for":[227],"efficiently":[230],"estimation":[231],"load.$\\overline":[235],"{c}$associated":[236],"F8":[238],"T8":[240],"during":[241],"significantly":[246],"lower":[247],"than":[248],"those":[249],"associated":[250,280],"(p":[255],"<":[256],"0.001).":[257],"Using":[258],"features,":[261],"accuracy":[263],"identifying":[265],"89.6%.":[272],"Current":[273],"findings":[274],"suggest":[275],"multi-tasks":[282],"can":[283],"be":[284],"accurately":[285],"assessed":[286],"using":[287],"approaches":[290],"data.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}