{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128322329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057606","title":"Polymer-Based 3-D Printed 140-220 GHz Low-Cost Quasi-Optical Components and Integrated Subsystem Assembly","display_name":"Polymer-Based 3-D Printed 140-220 GHz Low-Cost Quasi-Optical Components and Integrated Subsystem Assembly","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128322329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057606","mag":"3128322329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3057606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057606","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09349430.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09349430.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039378819","display_name":"Sang-Hee Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-4241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Hee Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-4241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084758899","display_name":"Xiaobang Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-4184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131622","display_name":"ECSI Fibrotools (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/045zbxg02","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131622"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobang Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, Teddington, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-4184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, Teddington, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131622","https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017117407","display_name":"Nick Ridler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-2914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131622","display_name":"ECSI Fibrotools (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/045zbxg02","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131622"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick M. Ridler","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, Teddington, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-2914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Department of Electromagnetic and Electrochemical Technologies, Teddington, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131622","https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032238161","display_name":"Stepan Lucyszyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-3801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stepan Lucyszyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-3801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.8307,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84929085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"28020","last_page":"28038"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarizer","display_name":"Polarizer","score":0.7966545224189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6190890073776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/printed-circuit-board","display_name":"Printed circuit board","score":0.6047878265380859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5074185729026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.46490180492401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interposer","display_name":"Interposer","score":0.46060827374458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/french-horn","display_name":"French horn","score":0.4210270643234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-filter","display_name":"Optical filter","score":0.41601285338401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroplating","display_name":"Electroplating","score":0.4112722873687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3296896815299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.27186256647109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.17465567588806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13731762766838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10405609011650085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.0829189121723175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121524040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11942175","display_name":"Polarizer","level":3,"score":0.7966545224189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6190890073776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120793396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173350","display_name":"Printed circuit board","level":2,"score":0.6047878265380859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5074185729026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.46490180492401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158802814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6056418","display_name":"Interposer","level":4,"score":0.46060827374458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152076505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126540","display_name":"French horn","level":2,"score":0.4210270643234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45613198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134091","display_name":"Optical filter","level":2,"score":0.41601285338401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51807945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503392","display_name":"Electroplating","level":3,"score":0.4112722873687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3296896815299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.27186256647109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.17465567588806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13731762766838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10405609011650085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0829189121723175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100460472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2368605","display_name":"Etching (microfabrication)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125743686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108779","display_name":"Birefringence","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3057606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057606","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09349430.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:566c8cb951ea46708332f76c97d48adb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/566c8cb951ea46708332f76c97d48adb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 28020-28038 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/87765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/87765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"28038","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3057606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057606","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09349430.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4368842792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTP3-FT-046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312931","funder_display_name":"UK Space Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G628583172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RP10G0435A202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312931","funder_display_name":"UK Space Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312931","display_name":"UK Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/051sgbe98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331147","display_name":"Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128322329.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128322329.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138926961","https://openalex.org/W1771912175","https://openalex.org/W2022883398","https://openalex.org/W2037287887","https://openalex.org/W2062832401","https://openalex.org/W2088166741","https://openalex.org/W2118587243","https://openalex.org/W2162215687","https://openalex.org/W2200840579","https://openalex.org/W2285554365","https://openalex.org/W2290502851","https://openalex.org/W2326633757","https://openalex.org/W2414912487","https://openalex.org/W2516608639","https://openalex.org/W2522377445","https://openalex.org/W2562433468","https://openalex.org/W2590484193","https://openalex.org/W2783456964","https://openalex.org/W2793766049","https://openalex.org/W2800064725","https://openalex.org/W2883383497","https://openalex.org/W2883883907","https://openalex.org/W2886170552","https://openalex.org/W2887124458","https://openalex.org/W2891250296","https://openalex.org/W2901298476","https://openalex.org/W2903512106","https://openalex.org/W2909817838","https://openalex.org/W2909898581","https://openalex.org/W2936561486","https://openalex.org/W2946658408","https://openalex.org/W2948061400","https://openalex.org/W2952665599","https://openalex.org/W2965578176","https://openalex.org/W2985181028","https://openalex.org/W3034006897","https://openalex.org/W3095334270","https://openalex.org/W3104477497","https://openalex.org/W4245405939","https://openalex.org/W4256647410","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6763711254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154191047","https://openalex.org/W2388067771","https://openalex.org/W2037416628","https://openalex.org/W2978928176","https://openalex.org/W2389497123","https://openalex.org/W2073725000","https://openalex.org/W1969556251","https://openalex.org/W2356932771","https://openalex.org/W1498568506","https://openalex.org/W2112202660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Few":[0],"examples":[1],"of":[2,23,110,141,243],"individual":[3],"polymer-based":[4,24],"3-D":[5,25,44,112,126,233],"printed":[6,26,113],"quasi-optical":[7,32,67,143,247],"component":[8,68,212],"types":[9,69],"have":[10],"been":[11],"previously":[12],"demonstrated":[13],"above":[14,226],"ca.":[15],"100":[16],"GHz.":[17],"This":[18,236],"paper":[19],"presents":[20],"the":[21,99,108,153,159],"characterization":[22],"components":[27,199],"and":[28,49,60,85,116,165,172,216],"complete":[29,244],"subsystems":[30],"for":[31,98,137,240],"applications":[33],"operating":[34,222],"at":[35,214,223],"G-band":[36,215],"(140":[37],"to":[38,91,106,177,192,196],"220":[39],"GHz).":[40],"Two":[41],"low-cost":[42,231,245],"consumer-level":[43,232],"printing":[45,234],"technologies":[46],"(vat":[47],"polymerization":[48],"fused":[50],"deposition":[51],"modeling)":[52],"are":[53,70],"employed,":[54],"normally":[55,228],"associated":[56,229],"with":[57,118,130,230],"microwave":[58],"frequencies":[59,224],"longer":[61],"wavelength":[62],"applications.":[63],"Here,":[64],"five":[65],"different":[66],"investigated;":[71],"rectangular":[72],"horn":[73],"antennas,":[74,114],"90\u00b0":[75],"off-axis":[76],"parabolic":[77],"mirrors,":[78],"radiation":[79],"absorbent":[80],"material":[81],"(RAM),":[82],"grid":[83,154],"polarizers":[84],"dielectric":[86],"lenses.":[87],"As":[88],"an":[89],"alternative":[90],"conventional":[92],"electroplating,":[93],"gold-leaf":[94],"gilding":[95],"is":[96,104,135,156,175,190],"used":[97],"polarizer.":[100],"A":[101],"detailed":[102],"investigation":[103],"undertaken":[105],"compare":[107],"performance":[109],"our":[111],"mirrors":[115],"RAM":[117,188],"their":[119],"commercial":[120],"equivalents.":[121],"In":[122],"addition,":[123],"a":[124,142,179],"fully":[125],"printed,":[127],"RAM-lined":[128],"housing":[129,174],"central":[131],"two-axis":[132],"rotational":[133],"platform":[134],"constructed":[136],"performing":[138],"two-port":[139],"measurements":[140],"horn-mirror-polarizer-mirror-horn":[144],"subsystem.":[145],"Measured":[146],"results":[147],"generally":[148],"show":[149],"excellent":[150],"performances,":[151],"although":[152],"polarizer":[155],"limited":[157],"by":[158],"minimum":[160],"strip":[161],"width,":[162],"separation":[163],"distance":[164],"metallization":[166],"thickness.":[167],"The":[168],"ultra-low":[169],"cost,":[170],"`plug":[171],"play'":[173],"designed":[176,191],"give":[178],"fast":[180],"measurement":[181],"setup,":[182],"while":[183],"minimizing":[184],"misaligning":[185],"losses.":[186],"Its":[187],"lining":[189],"suppress":[193],"reflections":[194],"due":[195],"diffraction":[197],"from":[198],"under":[200],"test":[201],"that":[202],"may":[203],"cause":[204],"adverse":[205],"multi-path":[206],"interference.":[207],"Our":[208],"work":[209],"investigates":[210],"each":[211],"type":[213],"integrates":[217],"them":[218],"within":[219],"subsystem":[220],"assemblies;":[221],"well":[225],"those":[227],"technologies.":[235],"opens-up":[237],"new":[238],"opportunities":[239],"rapid":[241],"prototyping":[242],"front-end":[246],"upper-millimeter-wave":[248],"subsystems.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
