{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126165053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057586","title":"Symmetric Cryptography With a Chaotic Map and a Multilayer Machine Learning Network for Physiological Signal Infosecurity: Case Study in Electrocardiogram","display_name":"Symmetric Cryptography With a Chaotic Map and a Multilayer Machine Learning Network for Physiological Signal Infosecurity: Case Study in Electrocardiogram","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126165053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057586","mag":"3126165053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3057586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057586","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09349367.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09349367.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016379690","display_name":"Chia\u2010Hung Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65446980","display_name":"National Chin-Yi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040bs6h16","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Hung Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0150-8001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057245612","display_name":"Jian\u2010Xing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9327-7396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65446980","display_name":"National Chin-Yi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040bs6h16","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian-Xing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9327-7396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085053317","display_name":"Pi-Yun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-7116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65446980","display_name":"National Chin-Yi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040bs6h16","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pi-Yun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-7116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020933553","display_name":"Chien\u2010Ming Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136334","display_name":"Chi Mei Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02y2htg06","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136334"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chien-Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine of Chi Mei Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tainan City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine of Chi Mei Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tainan City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051299730","display_name":"Neng\u2010Sheng Pai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9439-7648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65446980","display_name":"National Chin-Yi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040bs6h16","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neng-Sheng Pai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9439-7648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071673494","display_name":"Chao\u2010Lin Kuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4989-3618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43518871","display_name":"National Kaohsiung Marine University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca6fy54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43518871"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Lin Kuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Maritime Information and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Maritime Information and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394","https://openalex.org/I43518871"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016379690"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65446980"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.9728,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94741666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"26451","last_page":"26467"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9495000243186951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6873855590820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaotic","display_name":"Chaotic","score":0.66129469871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5983678698539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5540143251419067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4186667501926422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33720970153808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28290435671806335}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6873855590820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.66129469871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5983678698539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5540143251419067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4186667501926422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33720970153808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28290435671806335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3057586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057586","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09349367.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bce770ffd2bb44e1b0d6fee7bea1b762","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bce770ffd2bb44e1b0d6fee7bea1b762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 26451-26467 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3057586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3057586","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09349367.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4122725273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-2218-E-167 -00-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5287066708","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-2221-E-167-005-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6113045031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 109-2635-E-167-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126165053.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126165053.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968811685","https://openalex.org/W1996247619","https://openalex.org/W2023673527","https://openalex.org/W2044692074","https://openalex.org/W2046549384","https://openalex.org/W2055335386","https://openalex.org/W2057781447","https://openalex.org/W2088588705","https://openalex.org/W2120569048","https://openalex.org/W2135839394","https://openalex.org/W2308778978","https://openalex.org/W2317090296","https://openalex.org/W2324738132","https://openalex.org/W2328742400","https://openalex.org/W2340278258","https://openalex.org/W2343482910","https://openalex.org/W2475191673","https://openalex.org/W2532236256","https://openalex.org/W2551949036","https://openalex.org/W2585906790","https://openalex.org/W2610114238","https://openalex.org/W2613912370","https://openalex.org/W2749440377","https://openalex.org/W2783710041","https://openalex.org/W2802900481","https://openalex.org/W2890635376","https://openalex.org/W2890967649","https://openalex.org/W2898104747","https://openalex.org/W2902013651","https://openalex.org/W2912846989","https://openalex.org/W2913785970","https://openalex.org/W2950410230","https://openalex.org/W2965873701","https://openalex.org/W2972440684","https://openalex.org/W2979570803","https://openalex.org/W2982600259","https://openalex.org/W3009756639","https://openalex.org/W3012197803","https://openalex.org/W3013801289","https://openalex.org/W3016450054","https://openalex.org/W3023283151","https://openalex.org/W3033465161","https://openalex.org/W3106948109","https://openalex.org/W3108044339","https://openalex.org/W6656300764","https://openalex.org/W6786176042","https://openalex.org/W6786376704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004708907","https://openalex.org/W2377429601","https://openalex.org/W2386043911","https://openalex.org/W3171270255","https://openalex.org/W2368252804","https://openalex.org/W2379367191","https://openalex.org/W2352594230","https://openalex.org/W2112690272","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"physiological":[1,81],"signals":[2],"in":[3,12,38],"telecare":[4],"medicine":[5],"information":[6],"systems":[7],"have":[8],"been":[9],"widely":[10],"applied":[11],"remote":[13,47],"medical":[14,31,48],"applications,":[15,132],"such":[16],"as":[17,229],"telecare,":[18],"tele-examination,":[19],"and":[20,46,50,55,72,133,143,151,172,194,223,243,266],"telediagnosis,":[21],"via":[22],"computer":[23],"networking":[24],"transmission":[25,58],"or":[26],"wireless":[27],"communication.":[28,201],"However,":[29],"these":[30],"records":[32],"need":[33],"to":[34,79,99,124,161,190,218,236],"ensure":[35],"authorization":[36],"demands":[37],"the":[39,52,101,112,134,141,148,163,185,203,220,224,238,254],"channel":[40],"model":[41],"for":[42,104,130,170,197,246],"human":[43],"body":[44],"communication":[45],"servers":[49],"enhance":[51],"confidentiality,":[53],"recoverability,":[54],"availability":[56],"of":[57,114,167,206],"data.":[59],"Hence,":[60],"this":[61],"study":[62],"proposes":[63],"a":[64,69,73,105,126,195,198,230,258],"symmetric":[65],"cryptography":[66,278],"scheme":[67,256],"with":[68,178,276],"chaotic":[70,85,119],"map":[71,120,162],"multilayer":[74],"machine":[75],"learning":[76],"network":[77,158],"(MMLN)":[78],"achieve":[80,191],"signal":[82],"infosecurity.":[83],"A":[84,154],"pseudorandom":[86,127],"number":[87],"generator":[88],"within":[89],"specific":[90,144],"control":[91,145],"parameters":[92,146],"can":[93,182],"dynamically":[94],"produce":[95,125],"unordered":[96],"sequence":[97],"numbers":[98],"set":[100],"secret":[102,107],"keys":[103],"regular":[106,199],"key":[108,128],"update,":[109],"thereby":[110],"improving":[111],"security":[113],"private":[115,135],"cipher":[116,136,168,187],"codes.":[117],"The":[118],"is":[121,159,234],"quickly":[122],"iterated":[123],"stream":[129],"real-time":[131],"codes":[137,169],"are":[138,216],"selected":[139],"using":[140],"initial":[142],"at":[147],"data":[149],"emitter":[150],"receiver":[152],"ends.":[153],"general":[155],"regression":[156],"neural":[157],"used":[160,217,235],"high-dimensional":[164],"input-output":[165],"pair":[166],"substitution":[171],"permutation":[173],"processes.":[174],"Its":[175],"adaptive":[176],"MMLN":[177],"an":[179,192],"optimization":[180],"algorithm":[181],"rapidly":[183],"train":[184],"random":[186],"code":[188],"protocol":[189,279],"encryptor":[193],"decryptor":[196],"encrypted":[200],"Using":[202],"Massachusetts":[204],"Institute":[205],"Technology-Beth":[207],"Israel":[208],"Hospital":[209],"(MIT-BIH)":[210],"Arrhythmia":[211],"Database,":[212],"100":[213],"electrocardiogram":[214],"fragments":[215],"verify":[219],"proposed":[221,255],"model,":[222],"peak":[225],"signal-to-noise":[226],"ratio":[227],"(PSNR)":[228],"quantitative":[231],"quality":[232,240],"metric":[233],"evaluate":[237],"visual":[239],"after":[241],"encryption":[242],"decryption":[244],"processes":[245],"further":[247],"diagnosis":[248],"applications.":[249],"Experimental":[250],"results":[251],"show":[252],"that":[253],"has":[257],"higher":[259],"mean":[260,268],"PSNR":[261],"(35.26":[262],"\u00b1":[263,272],"3.77":[264],"dB)":[265],"shorter":[267],"executing":[269],"time":[270],"(0.16":[271],"0.01":[273],"s)":[274],"compared":[275],"traditional":[277],"schemes.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
