{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128675788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3056724","title":"Convolutional Neural Network Utilizing Error-Correcting Output Codes Support Vector Machine for Classification of Non-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury From Electroencephalogram Signal","display_name":"Convolutional Neural Network Utilizing Error-Correcting Output Codes Support Vector Machine for Classification of Non-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury From Electroencephalogram Signal","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128675788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3056724","mag":"3128675788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3056724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3056724","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09345669.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09345669.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025859677","display_name":"Chi Qin Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2513-6620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Qin Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2513-6620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000835810","display_name":"Haidi Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6401-1791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haidi Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6401-1791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003783973","display_name":"Jafri Malin Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-7410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089400","display_name":"Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/0090j2029","country_code":"MY","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089400"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jafri Malin Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia","Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-7410","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037642023","display_name":"Azlinda Azman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-3636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azlinda Azman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-3636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023027350","display_name":"Mohd Zaid Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-9812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Zaid Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-9812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3095,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77560092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"24946","last_page":"24964"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10645","display_name":"Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11184","display_name":"Neonatal and fetal brain pathology","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7751290798187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7643083333969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7636101245880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6160571575164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6045801639556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5936256051063538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","score":0.5528355836868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.47569119930267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.44898444414138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4219490885734558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3810310959815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16287654638290405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7751290798187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7643083333969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7636101245880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6160571575164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6045801639556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5936256051063538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.5528355836868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.47569119930267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.44898444414138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4219490885734558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3810310959815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16287654638290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3056724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3056724","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09345669.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b97fab1911aa4f9e83bbab197a1e40b8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b97fab1911aa4f9e83bbab197a1e40b8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 24946-24964 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3056724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3056724","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09345669.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6474445403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"203/PELECT/6768002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128675788.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128675788.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110750246","https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W429766147","https://openalex.org/W563985408","https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1506327408","https://openalex.org/W1806891645","https://openalex.org/W1964429076","https://openalex.org/W1976256997","https://openalex.org/W2006820723","https://openalex.org/W2022607018","https://openalex.org/W2025198671","https://openalex.org/W2025867113","https://openalex.org/W2049476328","https://openalex.org/W2067448822","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2132029553","https://openalex.org/W2132586977","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2148461049","https://openalex.org/W2166072546","https://openalex.org/W2202624014","https://openalex.org/W2298369694","https://openalex.org/W2406273144","https://openalex.org/W2418362864","https://openalex.org/W2477033421","https://openalex.org/W2516769407","https://openalex.org/W2534443592","https://openalex.org/W2536793966","https://openalex.org/W2605946936","https://openalex.org/W2621830716","https://openalex.org/W2757934307","https://openalex.org/W2762418274","https://openalex.org/W2767813783","https://openalex.org/W2768878216","https://openalex.org/W2792351646","https://openalex.org/W2792463723","https://openalex.org/W2793947836","https://openalex.org/W2795061970","https://openalex.org/W2798212381","https://openalex.org/W2799042347","https://openalex.org/W2892073538","https://openalex.org/W2913246999","https://openalex.org/W2928824395","https://openalex.org/W2944761918","https://openalex.org/W2947824377","https://openalex.org/W2963959597","https://openalex.org/W2998334732","https://openalex.org/W3005235282","https://openalex.org/W3011206676","https://openalex.org/W3033165612","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4297736277","https://openalex.org/W6604445452","https://openalex.org/W6726983090","https://openalex.org/W6750964650"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2326314491","https://openalex.org/W4232204633","https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W3206692032","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2057366091","https://openalex.org/W2032664813"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"sudden":[1],"blow":[2],"or":[3,31],"jolt":[4],"to":[5,38,106,142,152],"the":[6,17,23,40,87,156,161,165,170,175],"human":[7],"brain":[8,11],"called":[9],"traumatic":[10],"injury":[12],"(TBI)":[13],"is":[14,36,150],"one":[15],"of":[16,133],"most":[18],"common":[19],"injuries":[20],"recorded":[21],"in":[22,58,155],"health":[24],"insurance":[25,145],"claim.":[26],"Generally,":[27],"computed":[28],"tomography":[29],"(CT)":[30],"magnetic":[32],"resonance":[33],"imaging":[34],"(MRI)":[35],"required":[37],"identify":[39],"trauma's":[41],"severity.":[42],"Unfortunately,":[43],"CT":[44],"and":[45,51,98,111,120,179],"MRI":[46],"equipment":[47],"are":[48,123],"bulky,":[49],"expensive,":[50],"not":[52],"always":[53],"available,":[54],"limiting":[55],"their":[56],"use":[57],"TBI":[59,76],"detection.":[60],"Therefore,":[61],"as":[62,86,138],"an":[63],"alternative,":[64],"this":[65,115],"study":[66],"presents":[67],"a":[68,93,129,139],"novel":[69],"classification":[70,131,140,177],"architecture":[71,91,127],"that":[72,164],"can":[73],"classify":[74],"non-severe":[75],"patients":[77],"from":[78,160],"healthy":[79],"subjects":[80],"by":[81,173],"using":[82],"resting-state":[83],"electroencephalogram":[84],"(EEG)":[85],"input.":[88],"The":[89,125,147,158],"proposed":[90,126,148,166],"employs":[92],"convolutional":[94],"neural":[95],"network":[96],"(CNN),":[97],"error-correcting":[99],"output":[100],"codes":[101],"support":[102],"vector":[103],"machine":[104],"(ECOC-SVM)":[105],"perform":[107],"automated":[108],"feature":[109,118],"extraction":[110,121],"multi-class":[112],"classification.":[113],"In":[114],"architecture,":[116],"complex":[117],"selection":[119],"steps":[122],"avoided.":[124],"attained":[128],"high-performance":[130],"accuracy":[132,178],"99.76%,":[134],"potentially":[135],"being":[136],"used":[137],"approach":[141],"preventing":[143],"healthcare":[144],"fraud.":[146],"method":[149,167],"compared":[151],"existing":[153],"studies":[154],"literature.":[157],"outcome":[159],"comparisons":[162],"indicates":[163],"has":[168],"outperformed":[169],"benchmarked":[171],"methods":[172],"presenting":[174],"highest":[176],"precision.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}