{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126879003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3055532","title":"Exploring the Topological Properties of the Tor Dark Web","display_name":"Exploring the Topological Properties of the Tor Dark Web","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126879003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3055532","mag":"3126879003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3055532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3055532","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09340182.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09340182.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010706593","display_name":"Abdullah Alharbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8617-1430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101517302","display_name":"Mohd Faizan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-3674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143247161","display_name":"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x7ccp17","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143247161"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Faizan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143247161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037817322","display_name":"Wael Alosaimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6940-9483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wael Alosaimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6940-9483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074405334","display_name":"Hashem Alyami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-8346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hashem Alyami","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078277696","display_name":"Alka Agrawal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5503-7917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143247161","display_name":"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x7ccp17","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143247161"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alka Agrawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5503-7917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143247161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081802629","display_name":"Rajeev Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1813-1362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143247161","display_name":"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x7ccp17","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143247161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106473","display_name":"Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University","ror":"https://ror.org/011nk9770","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106473"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajeev Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India","Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1813-1362","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143247161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106473"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Raees Ahmad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9454-1312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143247161","display_name":"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x7ccp17","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143247161"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raees Ahmad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9454-1312","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143247161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010706593"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6244,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90338812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"21746","last_page":"21758"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7191063165664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-web","display_name":"Deep Web","score":0.5419611930847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-crawler","display_name":"Web crawler","score":0.5305870771408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.4791271388530731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.46513739228248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperlink","display_name":"Hyperlink","score":0.41654402017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.41518688201904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.4133557379245758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35226184129714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.2720849812030792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1076594889163971}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7191063165664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46721378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221989","display_name":"Deep Web","level":3,"score":0.5419611930847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13743948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45842","display_name":"Web crawler","level":2,"score":0.5305870771408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4791271388530731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.46513739228248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30088001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102014","display_name":"Hyperlink","level":3,"score":0.41654402017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.41518688201904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.4133557379245758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35226184129714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2720849812030792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1076594889163971}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3055532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3055532","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09340182.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:672708c4fd4f4a6ebaf9c8bfa0866809","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/672708c4fd4f4a6ebaf9c8bfa0866809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 21746-21758 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3055532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3055532","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09340182.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1215795443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020/231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G304199421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project number (TURSP-2020/231), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7299194679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126879003.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126879003.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116143187","https://openalex.org/W1475732121","https://openalex.org/W1559396486","https://openalex.org/W1573579329","https://openalex.org/W1854214752","https://openalex.org/W1971892934","https://openalex.org/W1976334448","https://openalex.org/W1979365047","https://openalex.org/W2000042664","https://openalex.org/W2005708967","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2018934112","https://openalex.org/W2077317318","https://openalex.org/W2080429359","https://openalex.org/W2117495845","https://openalex.org/W2123735079","https://openalex.org/W2129620481","https://openalex.org/W2148317291","https://openalex.org/W2151626491","https://openalex.org/W2175110005","https://openalex.org/W2204654137","https://openalex.org/W2269520727","https://openalex.org/W2326204440","https://openalex.org/W2543482174","https://openalex.org/W2595730290","https://openalex.org/W2737644180","https://openalex.org/W2741026990","https://openalex.org/W2761224062","https://openalex.org/W2765773814","https://openalex.org/W2789318589","https://openalex.org/W2893970496","https://openalex.org/W2919920996","https://openalex.org/W2927581056","https://openalex.org/W3007060089","https://openalex.org/W3008750864","https://openalex.org/W3103362336","https://openalex.org/W4230139042","https://openalex.org/W6633371685","https://openalex.org/W6634264458","https://openalex.org/W6693548710","https://openalex.org/W6745268431","https://openalex.org/W6773787907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067523177","https://openalex.org/W2371933330","https://openalex.org/W2245616560","https://openalex.org/W2111427713","https://openalex.org/W2351804282","https://openalex.org/W4385695127","https://openalex.org/W2389761961","https://openalex.org/W2048998278","https://openalex.org/W1556894713","https://openalex.org/W2367709753"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,46,131,144],"web":[1,30,47,146,163,185],"graph":[2,31,48,74,95,123,147],"can":[3,164],"be":[4,140,166],"used":[5],"to":[6,60,91],"get":[7],"insight":[8],"into":[9,168],"the":[10,16,23,27,34,42,52,56,64,70,73,85,92,109,119,122,158,161,183,190,194,199],"internal":[11,24],"structure":[12,25,38,171],"and":[13,32,81,100,105,126,179,203],"connectivity":[14],"of":[15,26,36,69,118,121,133,155,201],"Tor":[17,28,65,78,145,195],"dark":[18,29,66,162,191],"web.":[19,67,192],"This":[20],"paper":[21],"analyzes":[22],"examines":[33],"presence":[35,132],"bow-tie":[37,170],"as":[39],"found":[40,115],"in":[41,72,135],"World":[43],"Wide":[44],"Web.":[45],"is":[49,148],"generated":[50],"from":[51,63,87,189],"data":[53,62],"collected":[54],"by":[55],"Python":[57,110],"crawler":[58],"customized":[59],"scrape":[61],"Each":[68],"nodes":[71,120],"represents":[75],"an":[76,82],"individual":[77],"hidden":[79,89],"service,":[80],"edge":[83],"denotes":[84],"hyperlink":[86],"one":[88],"service":[90],"other.":[93],"Various":[94],"metrics":[96],"are":[97],"then":[98],"computed":[99],"analyzed":[101],"for":[102],"both":[103],"directed":[104],"undirected":[106],"graphs":[107],"using":[108],"NetworkX":[111],"package.":[112],"It":[113],"was":[114],"that":[116],"most":[117],"have":[124,186],"in-degree":[125],"out-degree":[127],"less":[128],"than":[129],"ten.":[130],"power-law":[134],"degree":[136],"distribution":[137],"could":[138],"neither":[139],"confirmed":[141],"nor":[142],"denied.":[143],"sparse":[149],"with":[150,173],"a":[151,169],"few":[152],"connected":[153],"pairs":[154],"nodes.":[156],"Like":[157],"surface":[159,184],"web,":[160],"also":[165,197],"decomposed":[167],"though":[172],"small":[174],"component":[175],"sizes.":[176],"Several":[177],"important":[178],"well-known":[180],"websites":[181],"on":[182],"incoming":[187],"links":[188],"Moreover,":[193],"network":[196],"shows":[198],"characteristics":[200],"small-world":[202],"scale-free":[204],"networks.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
