{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122390253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054879","title":"Zero-Centered Fixed-Point Quantization With Iterative Retraining for Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Object Detectors","display_name":"Zero-Centered Fixed-Point Quantization With Iterative Retraining for Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Object Detectors","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122390253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054879","mag":"3122390253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3054879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054879","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09336635.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09336635.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102860410","display_name":"Sung-Rae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5030-5561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sungrae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Electrical and Information Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Electrical and Information Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371185","display_name":"Hyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7962-657X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Electrical and Information Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Electrical and Information Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102860410"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.5347,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96902569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"20828","last_page":"20839"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.790785551071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7421635389328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7407945394515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6833350658416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6600805521011353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5537793636322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.503619372844696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4610070586204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41038772463798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3437092900276184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32354414463043213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.790785551071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7421635389328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7407945394515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6833350658416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6600805521011353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5537793636322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.503619372844696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4610070586204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41038772463798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3437092900276184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32354414463043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3054879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054879","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09336635.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e506acc20d484f589017806b6306a0e9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e506acc20d484f589017806b6306a0e9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 20828-20839 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3054879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054879","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09336635.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2822077284","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1A6A1A03032119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3200376425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G471096435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1A6A1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072120315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6908474596","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A6A1A03032119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7309281816","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1A6A1A03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7464397370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A6A1A03032119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7685055460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8878611666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G982292920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122390253.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122390253.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2286365479","https://openalex.org/W2291160084","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2586654419","https://openalex.org/W2595614461","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2616014673","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2800371094","https://openalex.org/W2894811292","https://openalex.org/W2903557836","https://openalex.org/W2935524202","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963363373","https://openalex.org/W2963480671","https://openalex.org/W2964133305","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W2970601456","https://openalex.org/W2981958729","https://openalex.org/W2982605490","https://openalex.org/W2997106510","https://openalex.org/W2998847134","https://openalex.org/W3000623753","https://openalex.org/W3007861974","https://openalex.org/W3013724120","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3019048729","https://openalex.org/W3020701269","https://openalex.org/W3036897783","https://openalex.org/W3036920006","https://openalex.org/W3048895265","https://openalex.org/W3082058622","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3176483701","https://openalex.org/W4288281792","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6696004547","https://openalex.org/W6696798448","https://openalex.org/W6734868079","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6765525968","https://openalex.org/W6767298317","https://openalex.org/W6769327411","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6782181619","https://openalex.org/W6785652829","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W3034745255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,64,144],"the":[1,37,70,78,111,145,148,151,160,168,176,185,197,211,234,257],"field":[2],"of":[3,73,80,93,110,150,162,202,205,256],"object":[4,25,99,106,142,189,218],"detection,":[5,190],"deep":[6,28,74,89,206],"learning":[7,29,75,207],"has":[8,17],"greatly":[9,68],"improved":[10],"accuracy":[11,177,231],"compared":[12,259],"to":[13,36,47,60,105,141,156,174,188,215,233,260],"previous":[14],"algorithms":[15],"and":[16,85,101,167,199,225,228,239],"been":[18,58],"used":[19,82],"widely":[20],"in":[21,88,265],"recent":[22],"years.":[23],"However,":[24,91],"detection":[26,230],"using":[27],"requires":[30,121],"many":[31],"hardware":[32],"(HW)":[33],"resources":[34],"due":[35],"huge":[38],"computations":[39],"for":[40,83],"high":[41],"performance,":[42],"making":[43],"it":[44],"very":[45],"difficult":[46],"run":[48],"real-time":[49],"on":[50,117],"embedded":[51],"platforms.":[52],"Therefore,":[53],"various":[54],"compression":[55],"methods":[56,67],"have":[57],"studied":[59],"solve":[61],"this":[62],"problem.":[63],"particular,":[65],"quantization":[66,113,134,213],"reduce":[69],"computational":[71],"burden":[72],"by":[76,158,180,195],"reducing":[77],"number":[79],"bits":[81,258],"weights":[84,251],"activation":[86],"functions":[87],"learning.":[90],"most":[92,109],"these":[94],"existing":[95,112],"studies":[96,114],"targeted":[97],"only":[98,253],"classification":[100],"cannot":[102],"be":[103,139],"applied":[104,140,173],"detection.":[107,143],"Furthermore,":[108,182],"are":[115],"based":[116],"floating-point":[118,244,263],"operations,":[119],"which":[120],"additional":[122],"effort":[123],"when":[124],"implementing":[125],"HW":[126],"accelerators.":[127],"This":[128],"paper":[129],"proposes":[130],"an":[131],"HW-friendly":[132],"fixed-point-based":[133],"method":[135,187,214],"that":[136],"can":[137],"also":[138],"proposed":[146,186,212],"method,":[147],"center":[149],"weight":[152,163,203],"distribution":[153],"is":[154,171,193,247],"adjusted":[155],"zero":[157],"subtracting":[159],"mean":[161],"parameters":[164,204],"before":[165],"quantization,":[166],"retraining":[169],"process":[170],"iteratively":[172],"minimize":[175],"drop":[178],"caused":[179],"quantization.":[181],"while":[183],"applying":[184,210],"performance":[191],"degradation":[192],"minimized":[194],"considering":[196],"minimum":[198],"maximum":[200],"values":[201],"networks.":[208],"When":[209],"representative":[216],"one-stage":[217],"detectors,":[219],"You":[220],"Only":[221],"Look":[222],"Once":[223],"v3":[224],"v4":[226],"(YOLOv3":[227],"YOLOv4),":[229],"similar":[232],"original":[235],"networks":[236],"(i.e.,":[237],"YOLOv3":[238],"YOLOv4)":[240],"with":[241,252],"a":[242,261],"single-precision":[243,262],"format":[245,264],"(32-bit)":[246],"maintained":[248],"despite":[249],"expressing":[250],"about":[254],"20%":[255],"COCO":[266],"dataset.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}