{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122648617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054118","title":"Study of Driving Cycle of City Tour Bus Based on Coupled GA-K-Means and HMM Algorithms: A Case Study in Beijing","display_name":"Study of Driving Cycle of City Tour Bus Based on Coupled GA-K-Means and HMM Algorithms: A Case Study in Beijing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122648617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054118","mag":"3122648617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3054118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054118","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09334986.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09334986.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059937391","display_name":"Mengfei Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengfei Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022337301","display_name":"Xiu Kan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1586-8702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiu Kan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China","School of Mathematics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1586-8702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058644115","display_name":"Chi\u2010Hung Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7271-1926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Hung Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61 in CSIRO, Hobart, TAS, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61 in CSIRO, Hobart, TAS, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030583855","display_name":"Le Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-3157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024190848","display_name":"Huisheng Shu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huisheng Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113616202","display_name":"Yixuan Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9827-0177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101698674","display_name":"Wei Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-9733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7439,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6973226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"20331","last_page":"20345"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12617","display_name":"Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beijing","display_name":"Beijing","score":0.8265295028686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","score":0.7328133583068848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-cycle","display_name":"Driving cycle","score":0.7274469137191772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.616527795791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.563873827457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.5080585479736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4992334842681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","score":0.4209796190261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35029399394989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23496881127357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.19023564457893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13913583755493164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.8265295028686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.7328133583068848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169042556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16246150","display_name":"Driving cycle","level":4,"score":0.7274469137191772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.616527795791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.563873827457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5080585479736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4992334842681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4209796190261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35029399394989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23496881127357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.19023564457893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13913583755493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3054118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054118","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09334986.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e9ee7d68bc224e85a23fd088a205074a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e9ee7d68bc224e85a23fd088a205074a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 20331-20345 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3054118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3054118","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09334986.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3038682955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61703270","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4964946397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6962973490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61803255","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122648617.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3122648617.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1189832172","https://openalex.org/W1492417045","https://openalex.org/W1583700199","https://openalex.org/W1829946914","https://openalex.org/W1978662634","https://openalex.org/W1984277790","https://openalex.org/W1994031720","https://openalex.org/W2052138306","https://openalex.org/W2058564173","https://openalex.org/W2066704629","https://openalex.org/W2070917860","https://openalex.org/W2072284544","https://openalex.org/W2096590200","https://openalex.org/W2121373027","https://openalex.org/W2159270365","https://openalex.org/W2410777413","https://openalex.org/W2761411298","https://openalex.org/W2782122692","https://openalex.org/W2789281155","https://openalex.org/W2790117078","https://openalex.org/W2791590715","https://openalex.org/W2800416156","https://openalex.org/W2808339392","https://openalex.org/W2894238869","https://openalex.org/W2900059523","https://openalex.org/W2902599199","https://openalex.org/W2922056369","https://openalex.org/W2943199366","https://openalex.org/W2944382479","https://openalex.org/W2950867571","https://openalex.org/W2962839664","https://openalex.org/W3011553714","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W4387688680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3023908086","https://openalex.org/W3161992182","https://openalex.org/W2900266557","https://openalex.org/W3006361955","https://openalex.org/W2525331074","https://openalex.org/W2057603251","https://openalex.org/W3113289758","https://openalex.org/W2808463094","https://openalex.org/W2047960132","https://openalex.org/W4327729861"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driving":[0],"cycle":[1,68,76,90,127],"is":[2,17,114,128],"an":[3],"important":[4],"indicator":[5],"to":[6,11,45,59,72,152],"evaluate":[7],"vehicle":[8,82],"performance":[9],"and":[10,108,117,134,141,148],"measure":[12],"fuel":[13,83,112,119,136,156,180],"consumption.":[14],"Its":[15],"impact":[16],"not":[18],"only":[19],"on":[20,25,29,111],"pollution":[21],"emissions":[22],"but":[23],"also":[24,115],"asset":[26],"management.":[27],"Based":[28],"the":[30,36,54,73,94,103,118,124,143,153,176,179],"real":[31,95],"life":[32,96],"detailed":[33],"data":[34],"from":[35],"city":[37,62],"tour":[38,63],"buses":[39],"in":[40,69,86,155,162,164],"Beijing,":[41],"this":[42,168],"paper":[43],"proposes":[44],"couple":[46],"a":[47,61],"genetic":[48],"algorithm":[49],"based":[50],"GA-K-means":[51],"clustering":[52],"with":[53],"Hidden":[55],"Markov":[56],"Model":[57],"(HMM)":[58],"construct":[60,142],"bus":[64],"urban":[65],"road":[66],"driving":[67,75,89,106,109,126,144,170],"Beijing.":[70],"Compared":[71],"standard":[74],"C-WTVC":[77],"used":[78],"for":[79],"heavy":[80],"commercial":[81],"consumption":[84,113,120,157,181],"certification":[85],"China,":[87],"our":[88,101],"model":[91,122],"can":[92,173],"reflect":[93],"situation":[97],"more":[98],"accurately.":[99],"With":[100],"model,":[102],"influence":[104],"of":[105,146,178],"state":[107],"behavior":[110],"analyzed,":[116],"estimation":[121,182],"under":[123],"corresponding":[125],"constructed.":[129],"To":[130],"gain":[131],"deeper":[132],"insight":[133],"better":[135],"consumption,":[137],"we":[138,172],"further":[139,174],"segment":[140],"sub-cycles":[145],"peak":[147],"off-peak":[149],"periods":[150,161],"according":[151],"difference":[154],"at":[158],"different":[159],"time":[160],"Beijing":[163],"September":[165],"2019.":[166],"Through":[167],"fine-grain":[169],"cycle,":[171],"improve":[175],"accuracy":[177],"model.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}