{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126108683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3053084","title":"Machine-Generated Hierarchical Structure of Human Activities to Reveal How Machines Think","display_name":"Machine-Generated Hierarchical Structure of Human Activities to Reveal How Machines Think","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126108683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3053084","mag":"3126108683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3053084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3053084","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09328751.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09328751.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044065434","display_name":"Mahsun Alt\u0131n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-2593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95293974","display_name":"Abdullah G\u00fcl University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdyy359","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95293974"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahsun Altin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abdullah G\u00fcl University, Kayseri, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-2593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abdullah G\u00fcl University, Kayseri, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95293974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017257146","display_name":"Furkan G\u00fcrsoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-2814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405392","display_name":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9tma90","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Furkan Gursoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-2814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034248951","display_name":"Lina Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-5396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lina Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-5396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0942,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33241462,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"18307","last_page":"18317"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8400280475616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.720460832118988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6569026708602905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6177680492401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5747025012969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.5627810955047607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5569549798965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.5283492207527161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-clustering","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","score":0.5280745029449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5134245157241821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-database-model","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","score":0.48229220509529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4779484272003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.31815943121910095}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8400280475616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.720460832118988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6569026708602905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6177680492401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5747025012969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.5627810955047607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5569549798965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.5283492207527161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.5280745029449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5134245157241821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.48229220509529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4779484272003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31815943121910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3053084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3053084","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09328751.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.07855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.07855","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.07855","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26a841f601ce421181e4be8621f7c1ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26a841f601ce421181e4be8621f7c1ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 18307-18317 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3053084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3053084","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09328751.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126108683.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126108683.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24089286","https://openalex.org/W1777628566","https://openalex.org/W1927052826","https://openalex.org/W1975325338","https://openalex.org/W2016381774","https://openalex.org/W2019725986","https://openalex.org/W2072510001","https://openalex.org/W2072866330","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2126579184","https://openalex.org/W2140190241","https://openalex.org/W2166559705","https://openalex.org/W2172186225","https://openalex.org/W2221296112","https://openalex.org/W2229908198","https://openalex.org/W2778796877","https://openalex.org/W2882993226","https://openalex.org/W2887051120","https://openalex.org/W2887297641","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2903571680","https://openalex.org/W2961193895","https://openalex.org/W2962681511","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2964094654","https://openalex.org/W2979467788","https://openalex.org/W3011785450","https://openalex.org/W3034694537","https://openalex.org/W3044326989","https://openalex.org/W4226065182","https://openalex.org/W4237044863","https://openalex.org/W4245436919","https://openalex.org/W4398786193","https://openalex.org/W6600983433","https://openalex.org/W6689475862","https://openalex.org/W6747395325","https://openalex.org/W6754337694","https://openalex.org/W6765307894","https://openalex.org/W6781372415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077012825","https://openalex.org/W2615268635","https://openalex.org/W3030749275","https://openalex.org/W2898752095","https://openalex.org/W2887932501","https://openalex.org/W116844144","https://openalex.org/W2024959238","https://openalex.org/W56136284","https://openalex.org/W4233137980","https://openalex.org/W4205528620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep-learning":[0],"based":[1],"computer":[2],"vision":[3],"models":[4,193],"have":[5,144],"proved":[6],"themselves":[7],"to":[8,12,23,56,62,66,111,123,233],"be":[9],"ground-breaking":[10],"approaches":[11],"human":[13,69,81,97],"activity":[14,98,137,156,172],"recognition":[15],"(HAR).":[16],"However,":[17],"most":[18],"existing":[19,54],"works":[20],"are":[21,221,230],"dedicated":[22],"improve":[24],"the":[25,86,103,136,140,164,167,170,174,187,198,203,206,209,226,234,239,242,249,252],"prediction":[26,236,253],"accuracy":[27,59,149],"through":[28,71],"either":[29],"creating":[30,73],"new":[31],"model":[32,35,39,58,64,110,254],"architectures,":[33],"increasing":[34],"complexity,":[36],"or":[37],"refining":[38],"parameters":[40],"by":[41,177],"training":[42,227],"on":[43,139],"larger":[44],"datasets.":[45],"Here,":[46],"we":[47,84,101,118],"propose":[48],"an":[49],"alternative":[50],"idea,":[51],"differing":[52],"from":[53,202],"work,":[55],"increase":[57],"and":[60,88,130,150,173,182,255],"also":[61,183],"shape":[63],"predictions":[65,104,207],"align":[67],"with":[68],"understandings":[70],"automatically":[72,124],"higher-level":[74],"summarizing":[75],"labels":[76,138,224],"for":[77,96,186],"similar":[78],"groups":[79],"of":[80,90,105,128,148,155,166,189,241,244],"activities.":[82,116],"First,":[83],"argue":[85],"importance":[87],"feasibility":[89],"constructing":[91],"a":[92,106,145,152,161],"hierarchical":[93,120,126],"labeling":[94],"system":[95],"recognition.":[99],"Then,":[100],"utilize":[102],"black":[107],"box":[108],"HAR":[109],"identify":[112],"similarities":[113],"between":[114,163],"different":[115],"Finally,":[117],"tailor":[119],"clustering":[121],"methods":[122],"generate":[125],"trees":[127,246],"activities":[129],"conduct":[131],"experiments.":[132],"In":[133],"this":[134],"system,":[135],"same":[141],"level":[142],"will":[143],"designed":[146],"magnitude":[147],"reflect":[151],"specific":[153],"amount":[154],"details.":[157],"This":[158],"strategy":[159],"enables":[160],"trade-off":[162],"extent":[165],"details":[168],"in":[169,194,225,251],"recognized":[171],"user":[175],"privacy":[176],"masking":[178],"some":[179],"sensitive":[180],"predictions;":[181],"provides":[184],"possibilities":[185],"use":[188],"formerly":[190],"prohibited":[191],"invasive":[192],"privacy-concerned":[195],"scenarios.":[196],"Since":[197],"hierarchy":[199],"is":[200,216],"generated":[201],"machine's":[204],"perspective,":[205],"at":[208],"upper":[210],"levels":[211],"provide":[212],"better":[213],"accuracy,":[214],"which":[215],"especially":[217],"useful":[218],"when":[219],"there":[220],"too":[222],"detailed":[223],"set":[228],"that":[229],"rather":[231],"trivial":[232],"final":[235],"goal.":[237],"Moreover,":[238],"analysis":[240],"structure":[243],"these":[245],"can":[247],"reveal":[248],"biases":[250],"guide":[256],"future":[257],"data":[258],"collection":[259],"strategies.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}