{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2968898024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052996","title":"Neural Architecture Search by Estimation of Network Structure Distributions","display_name":"Neural Architecture Search by Estimation of Network Structure Distributions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2968898024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052996","mag":"2968898024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3052996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052996","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09328761.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09328761.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061766814","display_name":"Anton Muravev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-4000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anton Muravev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-4000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055803270","display_name":"Jenni Raitoharju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-9298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800424308","display_name":"Finnish Environment Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/013nat269","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800424308","https://openalex.org/I4210136438"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jenni Raitoharju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","Programme for Environmental Information, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-9298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programme for Environmental Information, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800424308"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007583477","display_name":"Moncef Gabbouj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-2323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moncef Gabbouj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-2323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061766814"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4197,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67187784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"15304","last_page":"15319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8357937335968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5520359873771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5310561656951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5278263688087463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.514851987361908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.47881513833999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46483397483825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.44949740171432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4207158088684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3429221510887146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8357937335968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5520359873771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5310561656951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5278263688087463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.514851987361908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47881513833999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46483397483825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.44949740171432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4207158088684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3429221510887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3052996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052996","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09328761.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1908.06886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.06886","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.06886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2dea1bf6abae45b9a2e085e077c0bd08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2dea1bf6abae45b9a2e085e077c0bd08","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 15304-15319 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/219367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/219367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3052996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052996","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09328761.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4066180363","display_name":"Open Deep Learning Toolkit for Robotics","funder_award_id":"871449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","funder_display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5837592645","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"871449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2968898024.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2968898024.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":118,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135132349","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1479911746","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1932198206","https://openalex.org/W1971259134","https://openalex.org/W2015304908","https://openalex.org/W2020399841","https://openalex.org/W2050215344","https://openalex.org/W2059185913","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2100097207","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2105217850","https://openalex.org/W2111471293","https://openalex.org/W2111935653","https://openalex.org/W2119814172","https://openalex.org/W2124290836","https://openalex.org/W2134514463","https://openalex.org/W2136848732","https://openalex.org/W2139015486","https://openalex.org/W2147147005","https://openalex.org/W2171103562","https://openalex.org/W2171658832","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2311607323","https://openalex.org/W2339500526","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2408279554","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2499149626","https://openalex.org/W2546712344","https://openalex.org/W2553303224","https://openalex.org/W2556833785","https://openalex.org/W2593744649","https://openalex.org/W2594529350","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2657631929","https://openalex.org/W2736030546","https://openalex.org/W2748513770","https://openalex.org/W2757251151","https://openalex.org/W2769653148","https://openalex.org/W2782417188","https://openalex.org/W2788545320","https://openalex.org/W2788853733","https://openalex.org/W2796495430","https://openalex.org/W2807054644","https://openalex.org/W2810075754","https://openalex.org/W2888429796","https://openalex.org/W2891627818","https://openalex.org/W2894957136","https://openalex.org/W2901660337","https://openalex.org/W2902029681","https://openalex.org/W2910303335","https://openalex.org/W2913618604","https://openalex.org/W2915992092","https://openalex.org/W2917810995","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2949264490","https://openalex.org/W2951104886","https://openalex.org/W2953308748","https://openalex.org/W2954234207","https://openalex.org/W2962740476","https://openalex.org/W2962746461","https://openalex.org/W2962750597","https://openalex.org/W2962790223","https://openalex.org/W2963137684","https://openalex.org/W2963374479","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963815651","https://openalex.org/W2963821229","https://openalex.org/W2963946985","https://openalex.org/W2963975324","https://openalex.org/W2964068654","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2964331719","https://openalex.org/W2965658867","https://openalex.org/W3009352062","https://openalex.org/W3036982117","https://openalex.org/W3100495615","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3154803405","https://openalex.org/W4236605548","https://openalex.org/W4255158661","https://openalex.org/W4295185264","https://openalex.org/W4297748203","https://openalex.org/W4299408792","https://openalex.org/W4300687381","https://openalex.org/W4300687870","https://openalex.org/W4312531999","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6640300313","https://openalex.org/W6682012023","https://openalex.org/W6714181750","https://openalex.org/W6718991148","https://openalex.org/W6729956949","https://openalex.org/W6729972426","https://openalex.org/W6730169791","https://openalex.org/W6734593296","https://openalex.org/W6743495212","https://openalex.org/W6745748327","https://openalex.org/W6748057086","https://openalex.org/W6748587240","https://openalex.org/W6752515464","https://openalex.org/W6752582476","https://openalex.org/W6753303928","https://openalex.org/W6753701838","https://openalex.org/W6754719676","https://openalex.org/W6756182521","https://openalex.org/W6756690837","https://openalex.org/W6759559838","https://openalex.org/W6760018943","https://openalex.org/W6780138415","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585007175","https://openalex.org/W2382521049","https://openalex.org/W2144385241","https://openalex.org/W4300101996","https://openalex.org/W2165950148","https://openalex.org/W4253593777","https://openalex.org/W2951497643","https://openalex.org/W1497573972","https://openalex.org/W2071659383","https://openalex.org/W1846253165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,17,169],"influence":[1],"of":[2,19,37,85,102,111,120,127,134,140,160,166],"deep":[3],"learning":[4],"is":[5,62,129,172,196],"continuously":[6],"expanding":[7],"across":[8],"different":[9],"domains,":[10],"and":[11,46,148,183,214,232],"its":[12],"new":[13],"applications":[14],"are":[15,31,209],"ubiquitous.":[16],"question":[18],"neural":[20,59,114],"network":[21,38,82,115],"design":[22,36,61,77],"thus":[23],"increases":[24],"in":[25,212],"importance,":[26],"as":[27,226,228],"traditional":[28],"empirical":[29],"approaches":[30],"reaching":[32],"their":[33],"limits.":[34],"Manual":[35],"architectures":[39,182],"from":[40],"scratch":[41],"relies":[42],"heavily":[43],"on":[44,74],"trial":[45],"error,":[47],"while":[48,143,188,217],"using":[49],"existing":[50],"pretrained":[51],"models":[52,177,201],"can":[53],"introduce":[54],"redundancies":[55],"or":[56,222],"vulnerabilities.":[57],"Automated":[58],"architecture":[60,153],"able":[63],"to":[64,83,131,146,163,198],"overcome":[65],"these":[66],"problems,":[67],"but":[68,136,208],"the":[69,80,100,118,132,158,181,185,191],"most":[70],"successful":[71],"algorithms":[72],"operate":[73],"significantly":[75],"constrained":[76],"spaces,":[78],"assuming":[79],"target":[81],"consist":[84],"identical":[86],"repeating":[87],"blocks.":[88],"While":[89],"such":[90],"approach":[91],"allows":[92,137],"for":[93,138],"faster":[94],"search,":[95],"it":[96],"does":[97],"so":[98],"at":[99],"cost":[101],"expressivity.":[103],"We":[104,150],"instead":[105],"propose":[106],"an":[107,152],"alternative":[108],"probabilistic":[109],"representation":[110],"a":[112],"whole":[113],"structure":[116],"under":[117],"assumption":[119],"independence":[121],"between":[122],"layer":[123],"types.":[124],"Our":[125,194],"matrix":[126,171],"probabilities":[128],"equivalent":[130],"population":[133],"models,":[135],"discovery":[139],"structural":[141],"irregularities,":[142],"being":[144],"simple":[145,231],"interpret":[147],"analyze.":[149],"construct":[151],"search":[154],"algorithm,":[155],"inspired":[156],"by":[157,178],"estimation":[159],"distribution":[161],"algorithms,":[162],"take":[164],"advantage":[165],"this":[167],"representation.":[168],"probability":[170],"tuned":[173],"towards":[174],"generating":[175],"high-performance":[176],"repeatedly":[179],"sampling":[180],"evaluating":[184],"corresponding":[186],"networks,":[187],"gradually":[189],"increasing":[190],"model":[192],"depth.":[193],"algorithm":[195],"shown":[197],"discover":[199],"non-regular":[200],"which":[202],"cannot":[203],"be":[204],"expressed":[205],"via":[206],"blocks,":[207],"competitive":[210],"both":[211],"accuracy":[213],"computational":[215],"cost,":[216],"not":[218],"utilizing":[219],"complex":[220],"dataflows":[221],"advanced":[223],"training":[224],"techniques,":[225],"well":[227],"remaining":[229],"conceptually":[230],"highly":[233],"extensible.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T08:33:51.333923","created_date":"2019-08-22T00:00:00"}