{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130780950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052005","title":"All-Wheel-Drive Torque Distribution Strategy for Electric Vehicle Optimal Efficiency Considering Tire Slip","display_name":"All-Wheel-Drive Torque Distribution Strategy for Electric Vehicle Optimal Efficiency Considering Tire Slip","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130780950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052005","mag":"3130780950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3052005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052005","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09326303.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09326303.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055882310","display_name":"Kaibin Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaibin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3971-752X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017749211","display_name":"Minghui Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7551-5883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghui Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7551-5883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343179","display_name":"Dongyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7270-9906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7270-9906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058347104","display_name":"Shuaipeng Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-3134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaipeng Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-3134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054502399","display_name":"Cong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0152-2324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0152-2324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001236500","display_name":"Chunyun Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6728-5045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyun Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6728-5045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101707318","display_name":"Anjian Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8034-0643"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Changan Automobile Company Ltd., Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8034-0643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Changan Automobile Company Ltd., Chongqing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055882310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.975,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90700104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"25245","last_page":"25257"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.763586699962616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.7072755694389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.6411768794059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slip","display_name":"Slip (aerodynamics)","score":0.6380541920661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tire-balance","display_name":"Tire balance","score":0.5839018821716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-torque-control","display_name":"Direct torque control","score":0.4951230585575104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stall-torque","display_name":"Stall torque","score":0.4605942964553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4556151330471039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-dynamics","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","score":0.44241487979888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4358900487422943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2638412415981293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/induction-motor","display_name":"Induction motor","score":0.22425812482833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.20725107192993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15236496925354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1450541913509369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.13625064492225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.12277370691299438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.11821457743644714}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.763586699962616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.7072755694389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.6411768794059753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195268267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928883","display_name":"Slip (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6380541920661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133055659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751501","display_name":"Tire balance","level":2,"score":0.5839018821716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109871850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227571","display_name":"Direct torque control","level":4,"score":0.4951230585575104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17348537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7597300","display_name":"Stall torque","level":5,"score":0.4605942964553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4556151330471039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.44241487979888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4358900487422943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2638412415981293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80962145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207450","display_name":"Induction motor","level":3,"score":0.22425812482833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.20725107192993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15236496925354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1450541913509369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.13625064492225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.12277370691299438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.11821457743644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3052005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052005","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09326303.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:330ac9f22f544dbcb28d95173075cc5b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/330ac9f22f544dbcb28d95173075cc5b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 25245-25257 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3052005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3052005","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09326303.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1052158995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52072053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G727994539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB0106104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130780950.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130780950.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973411506","https://openalex.org/W2009883020","https://openalex.org/W2022649928","https://openalex.org/W2027758424","https://openalex.org/W2051693066","https://openalex.org/W2055127956","https://openalex.org/W2142653678","https://openalex.org/W2149849661","https://openalex.org/W2151595976","https://openalex.org/W2187313725","https://openalex.org/W2265248790","https://openalex.org/W2328134238","https://openalex.org/W2381375479","https://openalex.org/W2552434828","https://openalex.org/W2579048000","https://openalex.org/W2584860712","https://openalex.org/W2755361420","https://openalex.org/W2765673519","https://openalex.org/W2781839837","https://openalex.org/W2963980439","https://openalex.org/W2968301722","https://openalex.org/W2969168777","https://openalex.org/W3000909096","https://openalex.org/W3020322215","https://openalex.org/W3044612488","https://openalex.org/W3046343003","https://openalex.org/W3083548831","https://openalex.org/W3089326462","https://openalex.org/W4299825255","https://openalex.org/W6732497977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114550905","https://openalex.org/W3113939018","https://openalex.org/W2348287894","https://openalex.org/W2351274206","https://openalex.org/W2116016382","https://openalex.org/W2158120472","https://openalex.org/W2360009339","https://openalex.org/W2373860474","https://openalex.org/W2107398868","https://openalex.org/W4225988789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,76,117],"existing":[1],"energy":[2,15,47,91,159],"management":[3],"strategies":[4],"for":[5],"four-wheel-drive":[6],"electric":[7],"vehicles":[8],"only":[9],"take":[10],"into":[11,61],"account":[12,62],"the":[13,22,34,43,63,71,79,100,106,122,126,134,138],"vehicle":[14,37,46,90,154],"consumption":[16,92],"under":[17,29],"static":[18],"adhesion":[19,38,74],"constraints.":[20],"However,":[21],"front":[23,64],"and":[24,65,70,93,105,145,157],"rear":[25,66],"axle":[26,67],"loads":[27],"transfer":[28,69],"dynamic":[30],"conditions":[31],"lead":[32],"to":[33,131],"variations":[35,72],"of":[36,45,73,78,89,125,133],"characteristics,":[39],"which":[40,150],"results":[41,119],"in":[42,87,97,151],"changes":[44],"consumptions.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"a":[52],"multi-objective":[53],"optimal":[54,107],"torque":[55,102,108],"distribution":[56,103,109],"strategy":[57,81,104,110,128,140],"is":[58,129],"proposed,":[59],"taking":[60],"load":[68],"characteristics.":[75],"advantages":[77],"proposed":[80,127,139],"are":[82],"verified":[83],"through":[84],"simulation":[85,118],"studies":[86],"terms":[88],"wheel":[94,148],"slip":[95],"ratio,":[96],"comparison":[98],"with":[99],"average":[101],"based":[111],"on":[112],"Sequential":[113],"Quadratic":[114],"Programming":[115],"Algorithm.":[116],"show":[120],"that":[121],"economy":[123],"performance":[124,144],"superior":[130],"those":[132],"competing":[135],"methods.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"provides":[141],"good":[142],"power":[143],"eliminates":[146],"excessive":[147],"slip,":[149],"turn":[152],"ensures":[153],"longitudinal":[155],"stability":[156],"avoids":[158],"loss":[160],"resulting":[161],"from":[162],"frequent":[163],"ASR":[164],"interventions.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}