{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4233368739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3048293","title":"Reinforcement Learning Based MAC Protocol (UW-ALOHA-QM) for Mobile Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning Based MAC Protocol (UW-ALOHA-QM) for Mobile Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4233368739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3048293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3048293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3048293","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09311225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09311225.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701931","display_name":"Sung Hyun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-2615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sung Hyun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-2615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048977108","display_name":"Paul Mitchell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-2581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Daniel Mitchell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-2581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003094661","display_name":"David Grace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4493-7498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Grace","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4493-7498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, York, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100701931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.8956,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90274442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"5906","last_page":"5919"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aloha","display_name":"Aloha","score":0.8921357989311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8430905342102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7832813262939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.6419435739517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5976895093917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5239726901054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.48808491230010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.45510661602020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.44213753938674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.3857440650463104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33829784393310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32064056396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2517756223678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17736083269119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11717575788497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07721817493438721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776398200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508880","display_name":"Aloha","level":4,"score":0.8921357989311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8430905342102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7832813262939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.6419435739517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5976895093917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5239726901054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.48808491230010986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45510661602020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.44213753938674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.3857440650463104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33829784393310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32064056396484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2517756223678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17736083269119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11717575788497925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07721817493438721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3048293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3048293","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09311225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:172030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-2581>","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/172030/1/09311225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77a83bc90f4746ad9ae5af2c8671977c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77a83bc90f4746ad9ae5af2c8671977c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 5906-5919 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3048293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3048293","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09311225.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3216447828","display_name":"USMART - smart dust for large scale underwater wireless sensing","funder_award_id":"EP/P017975/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6212510350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P017975/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4233368739.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4233368739.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W870486418","https://openalex.org/W1565540568","https://openalex.org/W1604225584","https://openalex.org/W1667821040","https://openalex.org/W1771697193","https://openalex.org/W1990640524","https://openalex.org/W2021076597","https://openalex.org/W2023289277","https://openalex.org/W2035559399","https://openalex.org/W2038589335","https://openalex.org/W2076413820","https://openalex.org/W2104261215","https://openalex.org/W2142078389","https://openalex.org/W2142843434","https://openalex.org/W2153518141","https://openalex.org/W2281735142","https://openalex.org/W2379422757","https://openalex.org/W2424298157","https://openalex.org/W2465195956","https://openalex.org/W2553643027","https://openalex.org/W2604492329","https://openalex.org/W2769520957","https://openalex.org/W2808193943","https://openalex.org/W2888893086","https://openalex.org/W2902554518","https://openalex.org/W2905312555","https://openalex.org/W2905323084","https://openalex.org/W2907808704","https://openalex.org/W2921045105","https://openalex.org/W2922273628","https://openalex.org/W2951290845","https://openalex.org/W2958308825","https://openalex.org/W2965700949","https://openalex.org/W2971438806","https://openalex.org/W2978725006","https://openalex.org/W2990385259","https://openalex.org/W3006557325","https://openalex.org/W3083436573","https://openalex.org/W3092138905","https://openalex.org/W3140077062","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W6629923749","https://openalex.org/W6633996279","https://openalex.org/W6675562985","https://openalex.org/W6682814317","https://openalex.org/W6774127891"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107843154","https://openalex.org/W3096989448","https://openalex.org/W4366501345","https://openalex.org/W2105128603","https://openalex.org/W2373838515","https://openalex.org/W1996652759","https://openalex.org/W3192248241","https://openalex.org/W2020802031","https://openalex.org/W3023940508","https://openalex.org/W2148006673"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"demand":[1],"for":[2,155],"ocean":[3],"exploration":[4],"and":[5,10,53,113,118],"exploitation":[6],"is":[7,29],"rapidly":[8,79],"increasing":[9],"this":[11],"has":[12],"led":[13],"to":[14,30,67,76,78,100,103,105,143,151],"rapid":[15],"growth":[16],"in":[17,56,124,128,146],"the":[18,24,26,40,51,57,61,74,93,106],"market":[19],"of":[20,63],"mobile":[21,156],"vehicles.":[22],"Given":[23],"mobility,":[25],"key":[27],"challenge":[28],"design":[31,62],"a":[32,64],"highly":[33],"adaptive":[34],"solution":[35],"with":[36,82,149],"minimal":[37],"signalling":[38,86],"(and":[39],"associated":[41,54],"delays)":[42],"which":[43,72,87,96,129],"current":[44],"techniques":[45],"have":[46],"not":[47],"fully":[48],"addressed.":[49],"Therefore,":[50],"mobility":[52,131],"challenges":[55],"underwater":[58],"channel":[59,147],"necessitates":[60],"new":[65],"approach":[66],"Medium":[68],"Access":[69],"Control":[70],"(MAC)":[71],"provides":[73,141],"capability":[75],"adapt":[77,104],"changing":[80],"conditions":[81],"no":[83],"reliance":[84],"on":[85],"causes":[88],"delays.":[89],"This":[90],"paper":[91],"proposes":[92],"UW-ALOHA-QM":[94,140],"protocol,":[95],"uses":[97],"reinforcement":[98],"learning":[99],"allow":[101],"nodes":[102],"time":[107],"varying":[108],"environment":[109],"through":[110],"trial-and-error":[111],"interaction":[112],"thereby":[114],"improve":[115],"network":[116],"resilience":[117],"adaptability.":[119],"Simulations":[120],"are":[121,133],"carried":[122],"out":[123],"four":[125],"distinct":[126],"scenarios":[127],"node":[130],"patterns":[132],"significantly":[134],"different.":[135],"Simulation":[136],"results":[137],"demonstrate":[138],"that":[139],"up":[142],"300%":[144],"improvement":[145],"utilisation":[148],"respect":[150],"existing":[152],"protocols":[153],"designed":[154],"networks.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}