{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113673319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047365","title":"Blockchain System Defensive Overview for Double-Spend and Selfish Mining Attacks: A Systematic Approach","display_name":"Blockchain System Defensive Overview for Double-Spend and Selfish Mining Attacks: A Systematic Approach","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113673319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047365","mag":"3113673319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3047365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047365","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09308934.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09308934.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019195196","display_name":"Kervins Nicolas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55707380","display_name":"Manhattan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xhnzg94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kervins Nicolas","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM, Armonk, NY, USA","Manhattan College, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM, Armonk, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manhattan College, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101846189","display_name":"Yi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-2133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55707380","display_name":"Manhattan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xhnzg94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manhattan College, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-2133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manhattan College, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109917972","display_name":"George C. Giakos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55707380","display_name":"Manhattan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xhnzg94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George C. Giakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manhattan College, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manhattan College, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55707380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057534129","display_name":"Bingyang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8154-3987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128956969","display_name":"Texas Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/054b0b564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingyang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012923796","display_name":"Hongda Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9638-4763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongda Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.0765,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97572819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"3838","last_page":"3857"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9297243356704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7723532915115356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7190113067626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4714958071708679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.4244385361671448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.41326045989990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.20934545993804932}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9297243356704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7723532915115356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7190113067626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4714958071708679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.4244385361671448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.41326045989990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.20934545993804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3047365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047365","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09308934.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:15424708d9504d5f9b320d18319fa3f3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/15424708d9504d5f9b320d18319fa3f3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 3838-3857 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3047365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047365","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09308934.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113673319.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113673319.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":180,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214443","https://openalex.org/W1444567531","https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W1581121707","https://openalex.org/W1593596963","https://openalex.org/W1714723801","https://openalex.org/W1820692873","https://openalex.org/W1851144268","https://openalex.org/W1907293129","https://openalex.org/W1995488889","https://openalex.org/W2110798606","https://openalex.org/W2127612127","https://openalex.org/W2155968351","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2216673366","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2411925053","https://openalex.org/W2522448907","https://openalex.org/W2535029869","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2540162589","https://openalex.org/W2551623066","https://openalex.org/W2553353335","https://openalex.org/W2555456100","https://openalex.org/W2562667804","https://openalex.org/W2570815113","https://openalex.org/W2571698069","https://openalex.org/W2577081068","https://openalex.org/W2592068898","https://openalex.org/W2623962760","https://openalex.org/W2624307925","https://openalex.org/W2727841152","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2736904962","https://openalex.org/W2738891482","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2752019525","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2772116062","https://openalex.org/W2773761901","https://openalex.org/W2782478122","https://openalex.org/W2785808326","https://openalex.org/W2791736451","https://openalex.org/W2794647042","https://openalex.org/W2797945273","https://openalex.org/W2799719933","https://openalex.org/W2799742419","https://openalex.org/W2801576183","https://openalex.org/W2803238698","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2803579463","https://openalex.org/W2803881474","https://openalex.org/W2805930283","https://openalex.org/W2810848232","https://openalex.org/W2811197371","https://openalex.org/W2844602024","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2890702538","https://openalex.org/W2892520153","https://openalex.org/W2898043695","https://openalex.org/W2898069736","https://openalex.org/W2898116260","https://openalex.org/W2898238616","https://openalex.org/W2898888873","https://openalex.org/W2900580116","https://openalex.org/W2900993167","https://openalex.org/W2901770766","https://openalex.org/W2902542611","https://openalex.org/W2907683311","https://openalex.org/W2909202584","https://openalex.org/W2911517110","https://openalex.org/W2912009853","https://openalex.org/W2916008479","https://openalex.org/W2917843582","https://openalex.org/W2918359900","https://openalex.org/W2920733725","https://openalex.org/W2921980263","https://openalex.org/W2929803724","https://openalex.org/W2942565834","https://openalex.org/W2943517060","https://openalex.org/W2948578155","https://openalex.org/W2948768133","https://openalex.org/W2949515390","https://openalex.org/W2952298682","https://openalex.org/W2955886508","https://openalex.org/W2956032212","https://openalex.org/W2956871907","https://openalex.org/W2962621836","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W2963519394","https://openalex.org/W2963822137","https://openalex.org/W2965559851","https://openalex.org/W2970446216","https://openalex.org/W2972506132","https://openalex.org/W2976709195","https://openalex.org/W2977921325","https://openalex.org/W2979715685","https://openalex.org/W2979954669","https://openalex.org/W2981399413","https://openalex.org/W2981886215","https://openalex.org/W2982544778","https://openalex.org/W2988348666","https://openalex.org/W2990579532","https://openalex.org/W2992906453","https://openalex.org/W2997777902","https://openalex.org/W2998079505","https://openalex.org/W2998117198","https://openalex.org/W3002099056","https://openalex.org/W3004077497","https://openalex.org/W3004579115","https://openalex.org/W3004627947","https://openalex.org/W3005013321","https://openalex.org/W3005879580","https://openalex.org/W3006232485","https://openalex.org/W3008565796","https://openalex.org/W3010446303","https://openalex.org/W3011853658","https://openalex.org/W3013171296","https://openalex.org/W3014399982","https://openalex.org/W3015465363","https://openalex.org/W3017266415","https://openalex.org/W3019828913","https://openalex.org/W3027472889","https://openalex.org/W3030392202","https://openalex.org/W3030527237","https://openalex.org/W3036587696","https://openalex.org/W3043255647","https://openalex.org/W3089965163","https://openalex.org/W3095660977","https://openalex.org/W3100165866","https://openalex.org/W3100571116","https://openalex.org/W3103292315","https://openalex.org/W3103878108","https://openalex.org/W3105327943","https://openalex.org/W3109381150","https://openalex.org/W3110843115","https://openalex.org/W3121747242","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4288626157","https://openalex.org/W4289799450","https://openalex.org/W4293649164","https://openalex.org/W4294656469","https://openalex.org/W4295178704","https://openalex.org/W4297805418","https://openalex.org/W6631441790","https://openalex.org/W6634793266","https://openalex.org/W6635294131","https://openalex.org/W6638920519","https://openalex.org/W6728611263","https://openalex.org/W6729634068","https://openalex.org/W6734052717","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6746545487","https://openalex.org/W6747952709","https://openalex.org/W6749548732","https://openalex.org/W6750454233","https://openalex.org/W6751892708","https://openalex.org/W6753751735","https://openalex.org/W6755103282","https://openalex.org/W6755455164","https://openalex.org/W6756162856","https://openalex.org/W6756712176","https://openalex.org/W6758121188","https://openalex.org/W6758618185","https://openalex.org/W6759593365","https://openalex.org/W6759951004","https://openalex.org/W6761642960","https://openalex.org/W6761823787","https://openalex.org/W6763873945","https://openalex.org/W6765009397","https://openalex.org/W6766410720","https://openalex.org/W6767130354","https://openalex.org/W6771572633","https://openalex.org/W6773410537","https://openalex.org/W6777329907","https://openalex.org/W6779124194","https://openalex.org/W6780735805","https://openalex.org/W6840450771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W2759604065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"is":[1,53],"a":[2,15,55,64,111,137],"technology":[3],"that":[4,89],"ensures":[5],"data":[6,27,87,95],"security":[7,48,88],"by":[8],"verifying":[9],"database":[10],"of":[11,31,34,49,113,121],"records":[12],"established":[13],"in":[14,28],"decentralized":[16],"and":[17,42,100,131,142,156],"distributed":[18],"network.":[19],"Blockchain-based":[20],"approaches":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"applied":[24],"to":[25,62,76,91,109],"secure":[26,77],"the":[29,32,47,50,60,78,93,106,118],"fields":[30],"Internet":[33],"Things,":[35],"software":[36],"engineering,":[37],"healthcare":[38],"systems,":[39],"financial":[40],"services,":[41],"smart":[43],"power":[44],"grids.":[45],"However,":[46],"blockchain":[51,79,86,146,154],"system":[52,80],"still":[54],"major":[56],"concern.":[57],"We":[58,104],"took":[59],"initiative":[61],"present":[63],"systematic":[65,107],"study":[66],"which":[67],"sheds":[68],"light":[69],"on":[70,85,145],"what":[71],"defensive":[72,122],"strategies":[73],"are":[74,151],"used":[75],"effectively.":[81],"Specifically,":[82],"we":[83],"focus":[84],"aims":[90],"mitigate":[92],"two":[94],"consistency":[96],"attacks:":[97],"double-spend":[98],"attack":[99],"selfish":[101],"mining":[102],"attack.":[103],"employed":[105],"approach":[108],"analyze":[110],"total":[112],"40":[114],"selected":[115],"studies":[116],"using":[117],"proposed":[119,152],"taxonomy":[120],"strategies:":[123],"monitoring,":[124],"alert":[125,127],"forwarding,":[126],"broadcasting,":[128],"inform,":[129],"detection,":[130],"conceptual":[132],"research":[133,144],"design.":[134],"It":[135],"presents":[136],"comparison":[138],"framework":[139],"for":[140,153],"existing":[141],"future":[143],"security.":[147],"Finally,":[148],"some":[149],"recommendations":[150],"researchers":[155],"developers.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
