{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117034110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047270","title":"A Color Image Authentication Scheme With Grayscale Invariance","display_name":"A Color Image Authentication Scheme With Grayscale Invariance","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117034110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047270","mag":"3117034110"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3047270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047270","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09306802.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09306802.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051928752","display_name":"Wien Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2873-0190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131948415","display_name":"National Taichung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgcav40","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131948415"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wien Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131948415"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003967913","display_name":"Jeanne Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-1023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131948415","display_name":"National Taichung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgcav40","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131948415"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeanne Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131948415"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073481621","display_name":"Pei-Shih Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131948415","display_name":"National Taichung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgcav40","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131948415"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei-Shih Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131948415"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101706210","display_name":"Jie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-1083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070790321","display_name":"Tung-Shou Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-1043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131948415","display_name":"National Taichung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgcav40","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131948415"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tung-Shou Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131948415"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002371782","display_name":"Jason Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8013-9923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["International School of Technology and Management, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International School of Technology and Management, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051928752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131948415"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6839,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72788533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"6522","last_page":"6535"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.9115521907806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7449005246162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.733931303024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6943682432174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.6461026668548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4609419107437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-space","display_name":"Color space","score":0.45687639713287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.4332071542739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.43244022130966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.4213695228099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Peak signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.4197067320346832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3426097631454468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.9115521907806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7449005246162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.733931303024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6943682432174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.6461026668548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4609419107437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2961294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166863","display_name":"Color space","level":3,"score":0.45687639713287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.4332071542739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.43244022130966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.4213695228099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154579607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3373850","display_name":"Peak signal-to-noise ratio","level":3,"score":0.4197067320346832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3426097631454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3047270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047270","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09306802.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:28024814941844d4915d1fbd40d12302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/28024814941844d4915d1fbd40d12302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 6522-6535 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3047270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047270","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09306802.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117034110.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117034110.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W421796456","https://openalex.org/W1641522613","https://openalex.org/W1973324296","https://openalex.org/W2009551943","https://openalex.org/W2016344074","https://openalex.org/W2019485468","https://openalex.org/W2024235320","https://openalex.org/W2041560266","https://openalex.org/W2052950171","https://openalex.org/W2065135852","https://openalex.org/W2085122296","https://openalex.org/W2462202528","https://openalex.org/W2499181334","https://openalex.org/W2511555432","https://openalex.org/W2584407788","https://openalex.org/W2604565470","https://openalex.org/W2733351599","https://openalex.org/W2806743397","https://openalex.org/W2885179668","https://openalex.org/W2916560976","https://openalex.org/W2964754352","https://openalex.org/W2979252502","https://openalex.org/W2989909796","https://openalex.org/W4233779293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990001286","https://openalex.org/W2562072950","https://openalex.org/W2792489537","https://openalex.org/W2962819983","https://openalex.org/W2968419879","https://openalex.org/W3169734547","https://openalex.org/W4310175020","https://openalex.org/W2742029448","https://openalex.org/W2571757032","https://openalex.org/W4210755818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Color":[0],"image":[1,44,49,56,77,81,116],"authentication":[2,117,124,154],"is":[3],"a":[4,54,113,180],"method":[5],"that":[6],"allows":[7],"the":[8,29,33,47,70,75,79,94,102,123,135,140,160,164],"detection":[9,26],"of":[10,28,35,72,101,128,142,163,173],"tampered":[11],"regions":[12],"on":[13,22],"images.":[14],"Existing":[15],"related":[16],"works":[17],"evaluated":[18],"their":[19,85],"performance":[20],"based":[21],"visual":[23,161],"quality":[24,162],"and":[25,69,78,133],"capability":[27],"marked":[30,165],"image,":[31],"but":[32],"issue":[34],"grayscale":[36,55,86,103,143],"invariance":[37],"was":[38],"ignored.":[39],"However,":[40],"many":[41],"applications":[42],"in":[43,67,84],"processing":[45],"required":[46],"color":[48,65,115,131,158],"to":[50,98,121,138],"first":[51],"convert":[52],"into":[53,126,156],"before":[57],"any":[58],"further":[59],"post-processing":[60],"such":[61],"as":[62],"edge":[63],"detection,":[64],"masking":[66],"Photoshop,":[68],"display":[71],"e-ink.":[73],"If":[74],"resulting":[76],"original":[80],"are":[82],"different":[83,91],"value,":[87],"they":[88],"might":[89],"produce":[90],"outcomes":[92],"after":[93],"post-processing.":[95],"Therefore,":[96],"how":[97],"maintain":[99],"unchanged":[100],"value":[104],"has":[105,167],"become":[106],"an":[107,169],"important":[108],"issue.":[109],"This":[110],"paper":[111],"presents":[112],"grayscale-invariance":[114],"technique.":[118],"We":[119],"proposed":[120],"embed":[122],"code":[125,155],"two":[127,157],"three":[129],"primary":[130],"channels":[132],"adjust":[134],"remaining":[136],"one":[137],"remedy":[139],"distortion":[141],"value.":[144],"The":[145],"experimental":[146],"results":[147],"showed":[148],"that,":[149],"when":[150],"embedding":[151],"each":[152],"four-bit":[153],"channels,":[159],"images":[166],"achieved":[168],"average":[170],"33.26":[171],"dB":[172],"peak":[174],"signal-to-noise":[175],"ratio":[176],"(PSNR)":[177],"while":[178],"providing":[179],"satisfactory":[181],"detectability.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}