{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113991957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047147","title":"A Nonintrusive Load Identification Model Based on Time-Frequency Features Fusion","display_name":"A Nonintrusive Load Identification Model Based on Time-Frequency Features Fusion","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113991957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047147","mag":"3113991957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3047147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047147","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09306791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09306791.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057225142","display_name":"Kexin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-4514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kexin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-4514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100727286","display_name":"Bo Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-0174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113896","display_name":"Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026sv7t11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113896"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-0174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113896"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088953650","display_name":"Zehua Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1116-322X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehua Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1116-322X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002511386","display_name":"Yufei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2207,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88491393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1376","last_page":"1387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8022361993789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7277185320854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.6259435415267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.5974782705307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.574997067451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.555176854133606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.533380389213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5013899803161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.49694207310676575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4827508330345154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4795105755329132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.344612717628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.20003876090049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11502933502197266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8022361993789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7277185320854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.6259435415267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.5974782705307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.574997067451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.555176854133606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.533380389213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5013899803161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.49694207310676575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4827508330345154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4795105755329132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.344612717628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.20003876090049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11502933502197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3047147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047147","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09306791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:67dcc537431246cdbe045c9a18e9ce9d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/67dcc537431246cdbe045c9a18e9ce9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 1376-1387 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3047147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047147","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09306791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2813081692","display_name":"\u590d\u6742\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u5fae\u5f31\u76ee\u6807\u8bc6\u522b\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972367","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113991957.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113991957.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168840469","https://openalex.org/W1138573735","https://openalex.org/W1272474793","https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1575617279","https://openalex.org/W1994042232","https://openalex.org/W2007462323","https://openalex.org/W2008505018","https://openalex.org/W2020517213","https://openalex.org/W2086087296","https://openalex.org/W2100955315","https://openalex.org/W2101713460","https://openalex.org/W2115712706","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2198139313","https://openalex.org/W2207044458","https://openalex.org/W2265570771","https://openalex.org/W2289387268","https://openalex.org/W2539851955","https://openalex.org/W2546851411","https://openalex.org/W2560126249","https://openalex.org/W2571409876","https://openalex.org/W2697608749","https://openalex.org/W2761004327","https://openalex.org/W2886986806","https://openalex.org/W2909386926","https://openalex.org/W2921676705","https://openalex.org/W2924828225","https://openalex.org/W2944008045","https://openalex.org/W2945035348","https://openalex.org/W2949682416","https://openalex.org/W2963866024","https://openalex.org/W2968114889","https://openalex.org/W2992617145","https://openalex.org/W3011632608","https://openalex.org/W3017175091","https://openalex.org/W3099873379","https://openalex.org/W3208133533","https://openalex.org/W6606938059","https://openalex.org/W6627345084","https://openalex.org/W6675357634","https://openalex.org/W6802821011","https://openalex.org/W7057344605"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1947057263","https://openalex.org/W2024367938","https://openalex.org/W2782295999","https://openalex.org/W1970292246","https://openalex.org/W2162306796","https://openalex.org/W1820289435","https://openalex.org/W2015118744","https://openalex.org/W4247952185","https://openalex.org/W1642462315","https://openalex.org/W2355447608"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nonintrusive":[0],"load":[1,25,50,106],"monitoring":[2,13],"(NILM)":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,29,37,53,86,97],"key":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8],"the":[9,70,78,91,105,110,114,121,125],"real-time":[10],"electricity":[11],"consumption":[12],"of":[14,77],"household":[15],"appliances.":[16],"However,":[17],"it":[18],"is":[19,64],"difficult":[20],"to":[21,103],"realize":[22],"high":[23],"precision":[24],"identification":[26,107],"by":[27],"using":[28],"single":[30],"waveform":[31],"feature.":[32],"Therefore,":[33],"this":[34],"article":[35],"proposes":[36],"two-stream":[38,87],"convolutional":[39,99],"neural":[40,88,100],"network":[41,89,101],"based":[42],"on":[43,113],"current":[44,60,79],"time-frequency":[45,61],"feature":[46],"fusion":[47,63],"for":[48,59],"nonintrusive":[49],"identification.":[51],"First,":[52],"time":[54,71],"series":[55],"image":[56],"coding":[57],"method":[58,67],"multi-feature":[62],"proposed.":[65],"The":[66],"can":[68],"extract":[69],"domain":[72,75],"and":[73,96,116],"frequency":[74],"features":[76],"timing":[80],"signal":[81],"effectively.":[82],"Then,":[83],"we":[84],"present":[85],"combining":[90],"gated":[92],"recurrent":[93],"unit":[94],"(GRU)":[95],"two-dimensional":[98],"(2D-CNN)":[102],"improve":[104],"performance.":[108],"Finally,":[109],"experimental":[111],"results":[112],"PLAID":[115],"IDOUC":[117],"datasets":[118],"show":[119],"that":[120],"proposed":[122],"model":[123],"outperforms":[124],"state-of-the-art":[126],"methods.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}