{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117988296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3046528","title":"Detecting the Security Level of Various Cryptosystems Using Machine Learning Models","display_name":"Detecting the Security Level of Various Cryptosystems Using Machine Learning Models","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117988296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3046528","mag":"3117988296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3046528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3046528","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09303359.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09303359.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079841756","display_name":"Arslan Shafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7495-2248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195024194","display_name":"Riphah International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kdm5630","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arslan Shafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104358636","display_name":"Jameel Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195024194","display_name":"Riphah International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kdm5630","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jameel Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042123158","display_name":"Wadii Boulila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-0757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83259278","display_name":"Manouba University","ror":"https://ror.org/0503ejf32","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83259278"]}],"countries":["SA","TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wadii Boulila","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia","RIADI Laboratory, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RIADI Laboratory, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83259278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021578344","display_name":"Hamza Ghandorh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0537-8163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamzah Ghandorh","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754273","display_name":"Jawad Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-8248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082514217","display_name":"Mujeeb Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4228-385X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195024194","display_name":"Riphah International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kdm5630","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mujeeb Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079841756"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195024194"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.9623,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88849734,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"9383","last_page":"9393"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8476413488388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7538253664970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5430138111114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptosystem","display_name":"Cryptosystem","score":0.5046921968460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.48175764083862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.46440625190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4135564863681793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3897266387939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3587007224559784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32375895977020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2553275227546692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8476413488388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7538253664970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5430138111114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6295992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976521","display_name":"Cryptosystem","level":3,"score":0.5046921968460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.48175764083862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.46440625190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4135564863681793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3897266387939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3587007224559784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32375895977020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2553275227546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3046528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3046528","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09303359.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:napier-surface.worktribe.com:2717192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://napier-surface.worktribe.com/2717192/1/Detecting%20The%20Security%20Level%20Of%20Various%20Cryptosystems%20Using%20Machine%20Learning%20Models","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400544","display_name":"Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2177eb518981435082ad8b8eab836fca","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2177eb518981435082ad8b8eab836fca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 9383-9393 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository@napier.ac.uk:2717192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2717192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402591","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3046528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3046528","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09303359.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117988296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117988296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1672978577","https://openalex.org/W1966443185","https://openalex.org/W2013503531","https://openalex.org/W2013908726","https://openalex.org/W2031169474","https://openalex.org/W2060919434","https://openalex.org/W2068000983","https://openalex.org/W2135479785","https://openalex.org/W2146153208","https://openalex.org/W2160063766","https://openalex.org/W2355550369","https://openalex.org/W2547857037","https://openalex.org/W2586671481","https://openalex.org/W2611421990","https://openalex.org/W2788583916","https://openalex.org/W2805013403","https://openalex.org/W2810745451","https://openalex.org/W2888759448","https://openalex.org/W2895870710","https://openalex.org/W2905741893","https://openalex.org/W2912190045","https://openalex.org/W2930326836","https://openalex.org/W2947810057","https://openalex.org/W2956215630","https://openalex.org/W2969555319","https://openalex.org/W2981199473","https://openalex.org/W2991262878","https://openalex.org/W3004017191","https://openalex.org/W3004899494","https://openalex.org/W3005443238","https://openalex.org/W3007471510","https://openalex.org/W3010144383","https://openalex.org/W3030483276","https://openalex.org/W3035209172","https://openalex.org/W3046088399","https://openalex.org/W3048897660","https://openalex.org/W3081655872","https://openalex.org/W3086811561","https://openalex.org/W4250431399","https://openalex.org/W6770898059","https://openalex.org/W6778534187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347867225","https://openalex.org/W2611999869","https://openalex.org/W1515856307","https://openalex.org/W1989430648","https://openalex.org/W2612802088","https://openalex.org/W2029021368","https://openalex.org/W4232705780","https://openalex.org/W2965484163","https://openalex.org/W2512006651","https://openalex.org/W2096221836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"recent":[1],"advancements":[2],"in":[3,77],"multimedia":[4],"technologies,":[5],"the":[6,18,35,56,102,198,218],"security":[7,22,125,151,190],"of":[8,20,66,88,118,200,220],"digital":[9],"data":[10,89],"has":[11],"become":[12],"a":[13,62,113,124,135,146],"critical":[14],"issue.":[15],"To":[16,196],"overcome":[17],"vulnerabilities":[19],"current":[21],"protocols,":[23],"researchers":[24],"tend":[25],"to":[26,49,100,160],"focus":[27],"their":[28,189],"efforts":[29],"on":[30,85,188],"modifying":[31],"existing":[32],"protocols.":[33],"Over":[34],"last":[36],"few":[37],"decades,":[38],"though,":[39],"several":[40],"proposed":[41,202],"encryption":[42,59,120,131,150],"algorithms":[43,132],"have":[44,205],"been":[45],"proven":[46],"insecure,":[47],"leading":[48],"major":[50],"threats":[51],"against":[52,68],"important":[53,64,109],"data.":[54],"Using":[55],"most":[57,75],"appropriate":[58,76,119],"algorithm":[60,73],"is":[61,74,90],"very":[63],"means":[65],"protection":[67],"such":[69,153],"attacks,":[70],"but":[71],"which":[72],"any":[78],"particular":[79],"situation":[80],"will":[81],"also":[82,144],"be":[83],"dependent":[84],"what":[86],"sort":[87],"being":[91],"secured.":[92],"However,":[93],"testing":[94],"potential":[95],"cryptosystems":[96],"one":[97,99],"by":[98,133],"find":[101],"best":[103],"option":[104],"can":[105],"take":[106],"up":[107],"an":[108],"processing":[110],"time.":[111],"For":[112],"fast":[114],"and":[115,167,194,212,214],"accurate":[116],"selection":[117],"algorithms,":[121],"we":[122,143,204],"propose":[123],"level":[126],"detection":[127],"approach":[128],"for":[129],"image":[130],"incorporating":[134],"support":[136],"vector":[137],"machine":[138],"(SVM).":[139],"In":[140],"this":[141,221],"work,":[142],"create":[145],"dataset":[147],"using":[148],"standard":[149],"parameters,":[152],"as":[154,173],"entropy,":[155],"contrast,":[156],"homogeneity,":[157],"peak":[158],"signal":[159],"noise":[161],"ratio,":[162],"mean":[163],"square":[164],"error,":[165],"energy,":[166],"correlation.":[168],"These":[169],"parameters":[170],"are":[171,182],"taken":[172],"features":[174],"extracted":[175],"from":[176],"different":[177,207],"cipher":[178],"images.":[179],"Dataset":[180],"labels":[181],"divided":[183],"into":[184],"three":[185],"categories":[186],"based":[187],"level:":[191],"strong,":[192],"acceptable,":[193],"weak.":[195],"evaluate":[197],"performance":[199],"our":[201,215],"model,":[203],"performed":[206],"analyses":[208],"(f1-score,":[209],"recall,":[210],"precision,":[211],"accuracy),":[213],"results":[216],"demonstrate":[217],"effectiveness":[219],"SVM-supported":[222],"system.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
