{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110875903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3045188","title":"Cross-Entropy Method for Design and Optimization of Pixelated Metasurfaces","display_name":"Cross-Entropy Method for Design and Optimization of Pixelated Metasurfaces","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110875903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3045188","mag":"3110875903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3045188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3045188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3045188","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068398439","display_name":"Maria Kovaleva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-8883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160376","display_name":"International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd1pp77","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127","https://openalex.org/I205640436","https://openalex.org/I4210160376"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maria Kovaleva","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR-Curtin), Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-8883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR-Curtin), Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160376","https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015209782","display_name":"David Bulger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8064-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Bulger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8064-9931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032248949","display_name":"Karu P. Esselle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-0086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karu P. Esselle","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-0086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068398439"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436","https://openalex.org/I4210160376"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.4029,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97881562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"224922","last_page":"224931"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metamaterial","display_name":"Metamaterial","score":0.7716572284698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planar","display_name":"Planar","score":0.5476809740066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.507883608341217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductor","display_name":"Electrical conductor","score":0.4664211869239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.4257006049156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4006073772907257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3823934495449066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32979652285575867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.25762611627578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2525852620601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.23802834749221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11254945397377014}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.7716572284698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134786449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3391255","display_name":"Planar","level":2,"score":0.5476809740066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.507883608341217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.4664211869239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.4257006049156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4006073772907257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3823934495449066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32979652285575867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.25762611627578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2525852620601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.23802834749221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11254945397377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3045188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3045188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05a096a2b6a7407c9beaf050c1ca3175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/05a096a2b6a7407c9beaf050c1ca3175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 224922-224931 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/145370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/145370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3045188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3045188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320591","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W155952036","https://openalex.org/W589820874","https://openalex.org/W1584173367","https://openalex.org/W1938600648","https://openalex.org/W1988307685","https://openalex.org/W2050873778","https://openalex.org/W2068310546","https://openalex.org/W2085033990","https://openalex.org/W2100198865","https://openalex.org/W2100664061","https://openalex.org/W2100958657","https://openalex.org/W2101920731","https://openalex.org/W2104081233","https://openalex.org/W2105650778","https://openalex.org/W2138296506","https://openalex.org/W2141230255","https://openalex.org/W2197102519","https://openalex.org/W2322606931","https://openalex.org/W2324274346","https://openalex.org/W2333055738","https://openalex.org/W2334691538","https://openalex.org/W2472588588","https://openalex.org/W2579807894","https://openalex.org/W2587928584","https://openalex.org/W2746605932","https://openalex.org/W2748793686","https://openalex.org/W2752128027","https://openalex.org/W2752719613","https://openalex.org/W2899870949","https://openalex.org/W2916383725","https://openalex.org/W2930315046","https://openalex.org/W2982128879","https://openalex.org/W2995766897","https://openalex.org/W3004020120","https://openalex.org/W3035762389","https://openalex.org/W4214749394","https://openalex.org/W6635188872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570806970","https://openalex.org/W2174268617","https://openalex.org/W4390331329","https://openalex.org/W2951552468","https://openalex.org/W2045305845","https://openalex.org/W2545051477","https://openalex.org/W2166662560","https://openalex.org/W3021878631","https://openalex.org/W4386932413","https://openalex.org/W1555872197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electromagnetic":[0],"metasurfaces":[1,33],"are":[2,64,72,120,159],"planar":[3],"two-dimensional":[4],"metamaterials,":[5],"typically":[6],"of":[7,13,38,49,81,88,155],"subwavelength":[8],"thickness.":[9],"Unit":[10],"cell":[11],"elements":[12],"different":[14],"shapes":[15],"have":[16,34],"been":[17],"widely":[18],"explored,":[19],"including":[20],"electric":[21],"and":[22,28,43,93,105,110,114,123,162],"magnetic":[23,90],"dipoles,":[24],"patches,":[25],"arbitrary":[26],"geometries":[27],"pixelated":[29,32],"surfaces.":[30],"Although":[31],"a":[35],"great":[36],"advantage":[37],"geometric":[39],"versatility,":[40],"their":[41,53],"design":[42,54,87],"analysis":[44],"requires":[45],"algorithmic":[46],"approach.":[47],"One":[48],"the":[50,79,82,148],"techniques":[51],"for":[52],"is":[55],"via":[56],"evolutionary":[57],"simulation-driven":[58],"optimization.":[59],"Since":[60],"full-wave":[61],"electromagnetic":[62],"simulations":[63],"time-consuming,":[65],"optimization":[66,84,150],"methods":[67],"with":[68,138],"fast":[69],"convergence":[70],"properties":[71],"preferable.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"article,":[76],"we":[77],"demonstrate":[78],"application":[80],"cross-entropy":[83],"method":[85],"to":[86],"artificial":[89],"conductors":[91],"(AMCs)":[92],"thin":[94],"printed":[95],"phase":[96],"shifters.":[97],"Single-frequency":[98],"AMCs":[99,107],"at":[100,108],"10":[101],"GHz":[102,112],"(X":[103,113],"band)":[104,116],"dual-frequency":[106],"8":[109],"12":[111],"Ku":[115],"were":[117],"produced":[118],"that":[119,134],"more":[121],"manufacturing-friendly,":[122],"thus":[124],"cost":[125],"effective,":[126],"than":[127],"previously":[128],"reported":[129],"AMCs.":[130],"We":[131],"also":[132],"show":[133],"phase-shifting":[135],"unit":[136,157],"cells":[137,158],"transmission":[139],"magnitudes":[140],"over":[141],"0.9":[142],"(linear)":[143],"can":[144],"be":[145],"designed":[146],"using":[147],"proposed":[149],"technique.":[151],"Other":[152],"potential":[153],"applications":[154],"these":[156],"in":[160],"phase-correcting":[161],"beam-steering":[163],"metasurfaces.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}