{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3111805101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3044812","title":"A TDOA and PDR Fusion Method for 5G Indoor Localization Based on Virtual Base Stations in Unknown Areas","display_name":"A TDOA and PDR Fusion Method for 5G Indoor Localization Based on Virtual Base Stations in Unknown Areas","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3111805101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3044812","mag":"3111805101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3044812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3044812","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09293258.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09293258.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102222671","display_name":"Zhongliang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-8613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongliang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082482226","display_name":"Xinyu Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-214X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-214X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035397020","display_name":"Chongyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7302-595X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077504400","display_name":"Hanhua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8930-1082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8930-1082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074702375","display_name":"Lu Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-8439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-8439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-1969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-1969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5458,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8260566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"225123","last_page":"225133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.9613412022590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.827625036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7700027227401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.7220688462257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5206788778305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-reckoning","display_name":"Dead reckoning","score":0.4953116476535797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4686545431613922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.46324649453163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.42371976375579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.38847869634628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.330338716506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2653605043888092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16697922348976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09324437379837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08991250395774841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.07635927200317383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.9613412022590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.827625036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7700027227401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.7220688462257385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5206788778305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106165642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152255","display_name":"Dead reckoning","level":3,"score":0.4953116476535797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4686545431613922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.46324649453163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.42371976375579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.38847869634628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.330338716506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2653605043888092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16697922348976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09324437379837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08991250395774841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.07635927200317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3044812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3044812","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09293258.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2581abe7fd464584a8c62cdabb0916dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2581abe7fd464584a8c62cdabb0916dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 225123-225133 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3044812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3044812","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09293258.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G355076493","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IPOC2019ZT09","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326982","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4343319794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L191003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5981877229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0502003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321470","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326982","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111805101.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3111805101.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W604060707","https://openalex.org/W1636339314","https://openalex.org/W2004992251","https://openalex.org/W2080661738","https://openalex.org/W2097619736","https://openalex.org/W2107627176","https://openalex.org/W2108432483","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2123914993","https://openalex.org/W2152173211","https://openalex.org/W2154295490","https://openalex.org/W2172058908","https://openalex.org/W2474281075","https://openalex.org/W2515022830","https://openalex.org/W2592975443","https://openalex.org/W2744366673","https://openalex.org/W2767028803","https://openalex.org/W2767689179","https://openalex.org/W2779222798","https://openalex.org/W2803965910","https://openalex.org/W2809328324","https://openalex.org/W2889409040","https://openalex.org/W2889436533","https://openalex.org/W2894011870","https://openalex.org/W2905169158","https://openalex.org/W2911037226","https://openalex.org/W2914682476","https://openalex.org/W2921383259","https://openalex.org/W2947814424","https://openalex.org/W2965232046","https://openalex.org/W2983558656","https://openalex.org/W2984288604","https://openalex.org/W3000568877","https://openalex.org/W3007187946","https://openalex.org/W3026511642","https://openalex.org/W3033032209","https://openalex.org/W3033575595","https://openalex.org/W3035254954","https://openalex.org/W3043853455","https://openalex.org/W6760411806","https://openalex.org/W6781487864"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391980879","https://openalex.org/W1636339314","https://openalex.org/W2799362944","https://openalex.org/W2903220199","https://openalex.org/W2083509671","https://openalex.org/W1978001812","https://openalex.org/W4307018408","https://openalex.org/W2355647129","https://openalex.org/W4206243596","https://openalex.org/W2353409691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"positioning":[1,71,90,139,157,175],"and":[2,67,87,116,126,136,154,165,177],"navigation":[3],"is":[4,35,91,148,162],"an":[5],"essential":[6],"field":[7],"of":[8,12,19,58,77],"location-based":[9],"service.":[10],"Non-line":[11],"sight":[13],"(NLOS)":[14],"error":[15,41],"restricts":[16],"the":[17,26,50,69,75,78,82,88,103,108,122,128,133,137,142,151,155,170],"accuracy":[18,176],"indoor":[20,30],"positioning.":[21],"Many":[22],"researchers":[23],"have":[24],"studied":[25],"localization":[27],"problem":[28,38],"in":[29,45,63,107,121,159,179],"NLOS":[31,40,160,180],"environments,":[32],"but":[33],"there":[34],"still":[36],"a":[37,56],"that":[39,169],"cannot":[42],"be":[43],"mitigated":[44],"unknown":[46,64],"areas.":[47],"To":[48],"solve":[49],"above":[51],"problems,":[52],"this":[53],"paper":[54],"proposes":[55],"method":[57],"constructing":[59],"virtual":[60,96,117],"base":[61,83,97,114,118,129],"stations":[62,84,98,115,119],"areas":[65],"(UA-VBS),":[66],"presents":[68],"corresponding":[70,138],"algorithm":[72,172],"to":[73,102],"calculate":[74,127],"location":[76],"user":[79,104],"equipment.":[80],"Firstly,":[81],"are":[85,99],"selected":[86],"initial":[89],"carried":[92],"out.":[93],"Then,":[94],"multiple":[95],"constructed":[100],"according":[101],"equipment":[105],"positions":[106],"first":[109],"three":[110],"steps.":[111],"The":[112],"LOS":[113],"participate":[120],"TDOA":[123],"calculation":[124],"together,":[125],"stations\u2019":[130],"combination":[131],"with":[132],"minimum":[134],"residual":[135,152],"result.":[140],"Finally,":[141],"pedestrian":[143],"dead":[144],"reckoning":[145],"fusion":[146],"weight":[147],"updated":[149],"by":[150],"value,":[153],"accurate":[156],"result":[158],"environment":[161],"obtained.":[163],"Simulation":[164],"experimental":[166],"results":[167],"show":[168],"proposed":[171],"has":[173],"high":[174],"stability":[178],"environment.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}