{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113161813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3043715","title":"An Ensemble-Learning Based Application to Predict the Earlier Stages of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD)","display_name":"An Ensemble-Learning Based Application to Predict the Earlier Stages of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD)","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113161813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3043715","mag":"3113161813"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3043715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3043715","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09288747.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09288747.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Asif Hassan Syed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-9102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asif Hassan Syed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh (FCITR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-9102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh (FCITR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051719641","display_name":"Tabrej Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9510-8537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tabrej Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh (FCITR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9510-8537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh (FCITR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039497050","display_name":"Atif Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-9102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atif Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007874373","display_name":"Nashwan Alromema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6208-2863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nashwan A. Alromema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh (FCITR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6208-2863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh (FCITR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012907012","display_name":"Muhammad Binsawad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0915-7058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Binsawad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh (FCITR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0915-7058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh (FCITR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077737158","display_name":"Alhuseen Omar Alsayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3044-799X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alhuseen Omar Alsayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scientific Researcher, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3044-799X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scientific Researcher, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6617,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91052421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"222126","last_page":"222143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10086","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease research and treatments","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7355889678001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.6981658935546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6909870505332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6169809103012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5842058658599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.538850724697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5091468691825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.4880348742008209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4410461187362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.4367731213569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cystatin-c","display_name":"Cystatin C","score":0.43121060729026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4195711016654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1337302327156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.08286672830581665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7355889678001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.6981658935546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6909870505332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6169809103012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5842058658599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.538850724697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5091468691825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.4880348742008209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4410461187362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.4367731213569641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779548226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413243","display_name":"Cystatin C","level":3,"score":0.43121060729026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4195711016654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1337302327156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08286672830581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159641895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108377937","display_name":"Renal function","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3043715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3043715","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09288747.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e5b9997185a44136a718a0a2770c1113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e5b9997185a44136a718a0a2770c1113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 222126-222143 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3043715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3043715","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09288747.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1998211712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DF-676-305-1441","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","funder_display_name":"King Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113161813.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113161813.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1535448720","https://openalex.org/W1914642870","https://openalex.org/W1968352263","https://openalex.org/W1976817527","https://openalex.org/W1999907667","https://openalex.org/W2130072137","https://openalex.org/W2131215891","https://openalex.org/W2173926283","https://openalex.org/W2196215201","https://openalex.org/W2214916291","https://openalex.org/W2371638596","https://openalex.org/W2432488913","https://openalex.org/W2492513888","https://openalex.org/W2591527562","https://openalex.org/W2594595110","https://openalex.org/W2744722702","https://openalex.org/W2798054687","https://openalex.org/W2886568032","https://openalex.org/W2901857397","https://openalex.org/W2905502836","https://openalex.org/W2909515577","https://openalex.org/W2911725274","https://openalex.org/W2912509763","https://openalex.org/W2913960943","https://openalex.org/W2914209001","https://openalex.org/W2921640499","https://openalex.org/W2944734574","https://openalex.org/W2949185485","https://openalex.org/W2951707943","https://openalex.org/W2959398397","https://openalex.org/W2965717703","https://openalex.org/W2969655192","https://openalex.org/W2978849696","https://openalex.org/W2981088775","https://openalex.org/W2983431646","https://openalex.org/W2983453737","https://openalex.org/W2984432074","https://openalex.org/W2985460727","https://openalex.org/W2989237197","https://openalex.org/W2997833137","https://openalex.org/W3023525084","https://openalex.org/W3029030457","https://openalex.org/W3030424674","https://openalex.org/W3033107563","https://openalex.org/W3044191079","https://openalex.org/W3045897262","https://openalex.org/W3046275966","https://openalex.org/W3080612738","https://openalex.org/W3091323015","https://openalex.org/W6623737539","https://openalex.org/W6687403153","https://openalex.org/W6688612899"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794896638","https://openalex.org/W2891633941","https://openalex.org/W3202800081","https://openalex.org/W3101614107","https://openalex.org/W1909207154","https://openalex.org/W4390971112","https://openalex.org/W3036530763","https://openalex.org/W1514365828","https://openalex.org/W3149839747","https://openalex.org/W3204228978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,188,215],"fact":[1],"that":[2],"ensemble":[3,16,145,172,222],"methods":[4],"enhance":[5],"the":[6,37,50,63,75,99,127],"prediction":[7],"performance.":[8,187],"Therefore,":[9],"we":[10],"focused":[11],"on":[12],"developing":[13],"a":[14,19,71,118,123,148,163,226],"weighted":[15,149,174,220],"method":[17,58],"using":[18,74,98,147,162,225,242],"novel":[20,82,164,227],"combination":[21,83,228],"of":[22,67,84,130,151,166,200,217,229,245],"Cerebrospinal":[23],"Fluid":[24],"(CSF)":[25],"protein":[26,40,136,231,247],"biomarkers":[27,232,248],"to":[28,61,206],"predict":[29],"AD's":[30],"earlier":[31],"stages":[32],"with":[33],"greater":[34],"accuracy":[35],"than":[36,180,239],"state-of-the-art":[38],"CSF":[39,230,246],"biomarkers.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"regard,":[44],"two":[45,152],"feature":[46],"selection":[47],"methods,":[48],"namely":[49,87],"Recursive":[51],"Feature":[52],"Elimination":[53],"(RFE)":[54],"and":[55,93,105,134,140,157,182,194,259],"L1":[56],"regularization":[57],"were":[59,204],"used":[60],"screen":[62],"most":[64,168],"important":[65],"subset":[66,165],"features":[68],"for":[69],"building":[70],"classification":[72],"model":[73,146,203,223],"Mild":[76],"Cognitive":[77],"Impairment":[78],"(MCI)":[79],"dataset.":[80],"A":[81],"three":[85,167],"biomarkers,":[86],"Cystatin":[88,131],"C,":[89,132],"Matrix":[90],"metalloproteinases":[91],"(MMP10),":[92],"tau":[94,135],"protein,":[95],"was":[96,160,233,257],"screened":[97],"linear":[100],"Support":[101],"Vector":[102],"Machine":[103],"(SVM)":[104],"Logistic":[106],"Regression":[107],"(LR)":[108],"classifier":[109],"based":[110,255],"RFE":[111],"method.":[112],"Two-tailed":[113],"unpaired":[114],"t-test":[115],"analysis":[116],"at":[117,261,263],"5%":[119],"significance":[120],"level":[121],"showed":[122],"significant":[124],"difference":[125],"between":[126,137],"mean":[128],"levels":[129],"MMP10,":[133],"cognitive":[138],"normal":[139],"cognitively":[141],"impaired":[142],"groups.":[143],"An":[144,253],"average":[150,175],"best":[153],"performing":[154],"classifiers":[155],"(LR":[156],"Linear":[158,183],"SVM)":[159],"created":[161],"informative":[169],"features.":[170],"Our":[171],"model's":[173],"results":[176],"performed":[177],"significantly":[178,234],"better":[179,235],"LR":[181],"SVM":[184],"base":[185],"classifiers'":[186],"Receiver":[189],"Operating":[190],"Characteristic":[191],"Curve":[192],"(ROC_AUC)":[193],"Area":[195],"under":[196],"Precision-Recall":[197],"values":[198],"(AUPR)":[199],"our":[201,218],"proposed":[202,219],"observed":[205],"be":[207],"0.9799":[208],"\u00b1":[209,212],"0.055":[210],"0.9108":[211],"0.015,":[213],"respectively.":[214],"performance":[216],"averaged":[221],"built":[224],"(p":[236],"<;":[237],"0.001)":[238],"models":[240],"generated":[241],"different":[243],"combinations":[244],"obtained":[249],"from":[250],"recent":[251],"studies.":[252],"ensemble-learning":[254],"application":[256],"implemented":[258],"deployed":[260],"Heroku":[262],"https://appsalzheimer.herokuapp.com.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}