{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3113089364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3042737","title":"Estimation of Time-Varying Spectral Peaks and Decomposition of EEG Spectrograms","display_name":"Estimation of Time-Varying Spectral Peaks and Decomposition of EEG Spectrograms","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3113089364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3042737","mag":"3113089364","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33816040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3042737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3042737","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09281295.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09281295.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019461880","display_name":"Patrick A. Stokes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-7039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138174","display_name":"Circadian (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03rqvr941","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138174"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick A. Stokes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA","Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-7039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I4210138174"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I4210138174"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023893244","display_name":"Michael J. Prerau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-5273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138174","display_name":"Circadian (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03rqvr941","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138174"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Prerau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA","Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-5273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I4210138174"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I4210138174"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3427,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58037301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"218257","last_page":"218278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.7171005010604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6636916995048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5823727250099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.5209749341011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.4922775328159332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.4860135018825531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-density","display_name":"Spectral density","score":0.4807605445384979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.47474104166030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterated-function","display_name":"Iterated function","score":0.46275803446769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.4283802807331085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4161544442176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-density-estimation","display_name":"Spectral density estimation","score":0.4135211110115051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3932739794254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.378680557012558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3495180308818817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.1382673680782318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1261000633239746}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.7171005010604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6636916995048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5823727250099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.5209749341011047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4922775328159332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.4860135018825531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.4807605445384979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.47474104166030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140479938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254619","display_name":"Iterated function","level":2,"score":0.46275803446769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.4283802807331085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4161544442176819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30049272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6555326","display_name":"Spectral density estimation","level":3,"score":0.4135211110115051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3932739794254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.378680557012558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3495180308818817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.1382673680782318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1261000633239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3042737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3042737","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09281295.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33816040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33816040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b64f15f93279417991d3883ecd676dc0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b64f15f93279417991d3883ecd676dc0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 218257-218278 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8015841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8015841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3042737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3042737","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09281295.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5794463910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01NS096177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G709431327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01NS096177-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113089364.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3113089364.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1449283962","https://openalex.org/W1483307070","https://openalex.org/W1533532685","https://openalex.org/W1605483729","https://openalex.org/W1973351114","https://openalex.org/W1976750697","https://openalex.org/W1978688291","https://openalex.org/W1979330140","https://openalex.org/W1986409253","https://openalex.org/W1992225639","https://openalex.org/W1996885314","https://openalex.org/W2000798228","https://openalex.org/W2007279376","https://openalex.org/W2011826793","https://openalex.org/W2012446274","https://openalex.org/W2018756673","https://openalex.org/W2025103565","https://openalex.org/W2026917669","https://openalex.org/W2035054118","https://openalex.org/W2038309664","https://openalex.org/W2038369901","https://openalex.org/W2043478751","https://openalex.org/W2054655287","https://openalex.org/W2060823697","https://openalex.org/W2066263596","https://openalex.org/W2069064263","https://openalex.org/W2077633827","https://openalex.org/W2078675930","https://openalex.org/W2083355945","https://openalex.org/W2089188198","https://openalex.org/W2090509486","https://openalex.org/W2094748252","https://openalex.org/W2095617031","https://openalex.org/W2098091224","https://openalex.org/W2111595943","https://openalex.org/W2122512809","https://openalex.org/W2127389037","https://openalex.org/W2127962952","https://openalex.org/W2133938361","https://openalex.org/W2135148159","https://openalex.org/W2136219936","https://openalex.org/W2157288005","https://openalex.org/W2163811258","https://openalex.org/W2258222136","https://openalex.org/W2550390782","https://openalex.org/W2559819140","https://openalex.org/W2568766977","https://openalex.org/W2736576881","https://openalex.org/W2796533672","https://openalex.org/W2884525847","https://openalex.org/W2936908195","https://openalex.org/W2953009208","https://openalex.org/W3103934441","https://openalex.org/W3110151578","https://openalex.org/W4239939816","https://openalex.org/W4250223583","https://openalex.org/W6657226679","https://openalex.org/W6676559228","https://openalex.org/W6750263654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W262848098","https://openalex.org/W1917904586","https://openalex.org/W2488177955","https://openalex.org/W1488610482","https://openalex.org/W2783211270","https://openalex.org/W2355015151","https://openalex.org/W1935517055","https://openalex.org/W2144045625","https://openalex.org/W2008987970","https://openalex.org/W3029153789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detection":[0],"of":[1,6,18,23,71,76,129,140,160,177,182,198,226],"spectral":[2,92,178,203,227],"peaks":[3,228],"and":[4,11,46,80,120,143,168,180,239,246],"estimation":[5],"their":[7,123,241],"properties,":[8,73,101],"including":[9],"frequency":[10],"amplitude,":[12],"are":[13],"fundamental":[14],"to":[15,41,97,112,147,194,222,234],"many":[16],"applications":[17],"signal":[19],"processing.":[20],"Electroencephalography":[21],"(EEG)":[22],"sleep,":[24],"in":[25,175],"particular,":[26],"displays":[27],"characteristic":[28],"oscillations":[29],"that":[30,136],"change":[31],"continuously":[32],"throughout":[33],"the":[34,43,48,69,130,149,165,192,211,220,232,236],"night.":[35],"Capturing":[36],"these":[37,66,103],"dynamics":[38,238],"is":[39],"essential":[40],"understanding":[42],"sleep":[44,54,199,213],"process":[45],"characterizing":[47],"heterogeneity":[49],"observed":[50],"across":[51,243],"individuals.":[52],"Most":[53],"EEG":[55,196],"analyses":[56],"rely":[57],"on":[58,157],"either":[59],"time-averaged":[60],"spectra":[61],"or":[62],"bandpassed":[63],"amplitude/power.":[64],"Unfortunately,":[65],"approaches":[67],"obscure":[68],"time-variability":[70],"peak":[72,118,141,207],"require":[74],"specification":[75],"a":[77,126,144],"priori":[78],"criteria,":[79],"cannot":[81],"distinguish":[82],"power":[83],"from":[84],"nearby":[85],"oscillations.":[86],"More":[87],"sophisticated":[88],"approaches,":[89],"using":[90,125],"various":[91],"models,":[93],"have":[94,105],"been":[95],"proposed":[96],"better":[98],"estimate":[99,223,235],"oscillatory":[100],"but":[102],"too":[104],"limitations.":[106],"We":[107,153,171,189],"present":[108],"an":[109],"improved":[110],"approach":[111,156,193,216],"spectrogram":[113],"decomposition,":[114],"tracking":[115],"time-varying":[116,224],"parameterized":[117],"functions":[119],"dynamically":[121],"estimating":[122],"parameters":[124,225],"modified":[127],"form":[128],"iterated":[131],"extended":[132],"Kalman":[133],"filter":[134],"(IEKF)":[135],"incorporates":[137],"discrete":[138],"On/Off-switching":[139],"combinations":[142,208],"sampling":[145],"step":[146],"draw":[148],"initial":[150],"reference":[151],"trajectory.":[152],"evaluate":[154],"this":[155],"two":[158],"types":[159],"simulated":[161],"examples-one":[162],"nearly":[163],"within":[164],"model":[166],"class":[167],"one":[169],"outside.":[170],"find":[172],"excellent":[173],"performance,":[174],"terms":[176],"fits":[179],"accuracy":[181],"estimated":[183,206],"states,":[184],"for":[185],"both":[186],"simulation":[187],"types.":[188],"then":[190],"apply":[191],"real":[195],"data":[197],"onset,":[200],"obtaining":[201],"quality":[202],"estimates":[204],"with":[205],"closely":[209],"matching":[210],"expert-scored":[212],"stages.":[214],"This":[215],"offers":[217],"not":[218],"only":[219],"ability":[221],"but,":[229],"moving":[230],"forward,":[231],"potential":[233],"governing":[237],"analyze":[240],"variability":[242],"nights,":[244],"subjects,":[245],"clinical":[247],"groups.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}