{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107325278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3041790","title":"Spatially Variant Convolutional Autoencoder Based on Patch Division for Pill Defect Detection","display_name":"Spatially Variant Convolutional Autoencoder Based on Patch Division for Pill Defect Detection","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107325278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3041790","mag":"3107325278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3041790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3041790","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09274349.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09274349.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100710824","display_name":"Sora Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0557-6538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sora Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111186089","display_name":"Youngjae Jo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182937616","display_name":"Hyundai Mobis (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/038b1qn73","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182937616","https://openalex.org/I197312522"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngjae Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADAS Platform Cell Team, Hyundai Mobis Company Ltd., Yongin, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADAS Platform Cell Team, Hyundai Mobis Company Ltd., Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182937616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021065462","display_name":"Jungchan Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3859-1702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungchan Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045314368","display_name":"Jiwoo Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwoo Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048783011","display_name":"Younyoung Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younyoung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technology Center, Daekhon Corporation, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Center, Daekhon Corporation, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033681555","display_name":"Minsik Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-4311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minsik Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100710824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1963,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51701842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"216781","last_page":"216792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.8690289855003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.742875337600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5799062848091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5641047954559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48751208186149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/division","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","score":0.48136717081069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.47157755494117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.45663005113601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3229660391807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09975358843803406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.8690289855003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.742875337600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5799062848091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5641047954559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48751208186149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60798267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1226939","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48136717081069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.47157755494117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.45663005113601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3229660391807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09975358843803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3041790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3041790","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09274349.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30d786df20764463b1fc65a2c96b05e1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30d786df20764463b1fc65a2c96b05e1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 216781-216792 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3041790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3041790","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09274349.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3942910960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NRF) grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4064690800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2020-0-101741","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072120315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7410125458","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2020-0-101741","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G834017027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ACCESS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107325278.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107325278.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79315950","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W2025818287","https://openalex.org/W2072982423","https://openalex.org/W2079023123","https://openalex.org/W2087347434","https://openalex.org/W2094518347","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2124351162","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2168173974","https://openalex.org/W2169551590","https://openalex.org/W2173520492","https://openalex.org/W2202633017","https://openalex.org/W2412320034","https://openalex.org/W2587789887","https://openalex.org/W2599354622","https://openalex.org/W2787947370","https://openalex.org/W2795647708","https://openalex.org/W2890747436","https://openalex.org/W2900611587","https://openalex.org/W2902788350","https://openalex.org/W2914570111","https://openalex.org/W2915683453","https://openalex.org/W2963045681","https://openalex.org/W2963061824","https://openalex.org/W2963215781","https://openalex.org/W2963541464","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W2987228832","https://openalex.org/W2994817145","https://openalex.org/W3034314048","https://openalex.org/W3035240825","https://openalex.org/W3035699237","https://openalex.org/W3105553032","https://openalex.org/W3153872861","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4294568686","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6685352114","https://openalex.org/W6715501732","https://openalex.org/W6748495906","https://openalex.org/W6751751914","https://openalex.org/W6751917112","https://openalex.org/W6779669310","https://openalex.org/W7016021835"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W3186512740","https://openalex.org/W2669956259","https://openalex.org/W4249005693","https://openalex.org/W3017266184","https://openalex.org/W3202913553","https://openalex.org/W3194885736","https://openalex.org/W3046391934","https://openalex.org/W4363671829","https://openalex.org/W4315434538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"pill":[1,26,40,53],"defection":[2],"remains":[3],"challenging,":[4],"despite":[5],"recent":[6],"extensive":[7],"studies,":[8],"because":[9],"of":[10,13,24,157,251,259],"the":[11,82,99,107,120,131,155,158,189,200,210,215,225,232,249,257],"lack":[12],"defective":[14,37,114,124],"data.":[15,101,138],"In":[16,171],"this":[17,148,172],"paper,":[18],"we":[19,43,68,140],"propose":[20],"a":[21,25,45,70,142],"pipeline":[22],"composed":[23],"detection":[27,33,54,87,234,243],"module":[28,34,55,88,108],"and":[29,165,181,236,254],"an":[30,59],"autoencoder-based":[31],"defect":[32,86,233],"to":[35,48,112,146],"detect":[36],"pills":[38,57,80],"in":[39,58,91,118],"packages.":[41],"Furthermore,":[42],"created":[44],"new":[46],"dataset":[47],"test":[49],"our":[50],"model.":[51],"The":[52,85,150,196,245],"segments":[56],"aluminum-plastic":[60],"package":[61],"into":[62,78,162],"individual":[63,79,92],"pills.":[64,93],"To":[65],"segment":[66],"pills,":[67],"used":[69],"shallow":[71],"segmentation":[72],"network":[73,132,161,201,217],"that":[74,106,224],"is":[75,95,104,133],"then":[76,166],"divided":[77],"using":[81,192],"watershed":[83],"algorithm.":[84],"identifies":[89],"defects":[90],"It":[94],"trained":[96,134],"only":[97,135,203],"on":[98,136,204],"normal":[100,137],"Thus,":[102],"it":[103],"expected":[105],"will":[109],"be":[110,185],"unable":[111],"reconstruct":[113],"data":[115,125,220],"correctly.":[116],"However,":[117],"reality,":[119],"conventional":[121],"autoencoder":[122],"reconstructs":[123],"better":[126],"than":[127],"expected,":[128],"even":[129],"if":[130],"Hence,":[139],"introduce":[141],"patch":[143,151,176,197,227,252],"division":[144,152,198,228,253],"method":[145],"prevent":[147],"problem.":[149],"involves":[153],"dividing":[154],"output":[156],"convolutional":[159],"encoder":[160,169],"patch-wise":[163,168,260],"features,":[164],"applying":[167],"layer.":[170],"process,":[173],"each":[174],"latent":[175],"has":[177],"its":[178],"independent":[179],"weight":[180],"bias.":[182],"This":[183,213],"can":[184],"interpreted":[186],"as":[187],"reconstructing":[188,205,218],"input":[190],"image":[191],"multiple":[193],"local":[194,206],"autoencoders.":[195],"makes":[199],"concentrate":[202],"regions,":[207],"thereby":[208],"reducing":[209],"overall":[211],"capacity.":[212],"prohibits":[214],"proposed":[216,226],"unseen":[219],"well.":[221],"Experiments":[222],"show":[223],"technique":[229],"indeed":[230],"improves":[231],"performance":[235],"outperforms":[237],"existing":[238],"deep":[239],"learning":[240],"based":[241],"anomaly":[242],"methods.":[244],"ablation":[246],"study":[247],"shows":[248],"efficacy":[250],"compression":[255],"following":[256],"concatenation":[258],"features.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}