{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107840116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040508","title":"Partially-Connected Hybrid Beamforming for Multi-User Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"Partially-Connected Hybrid Beamforming for Multi-User Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107840116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040508","mag":"3107840116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040508","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09269982.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09269982.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023217728","display_name":"Guangda Zang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-8507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153300","display_name":"Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfd0826","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guangda Zang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Wireless Communications, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Wireless Communications, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028155351","display_name":"Lingna Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088244","display_name":"Shanghai Micro Satellite Engineering Center","ror":"https://ror.org/003cp7918","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088244"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingna Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101807552","display_name":"Feng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-5765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153300","display_name":"Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfd0826","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Wireless Communications, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Wireless Communications, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079885035","display_name":"Lianghui Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3231-3613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianghui Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Image Communications and Network Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Image Communications and Network Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387660","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-8217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153300","display_name":"Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfd0826","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Wireless Communications, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Wireless Communications, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023217728"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I4210153300"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7282,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71421847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"215287","last_page":"215298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8703597784042358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7730261087417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6888360977172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5761824250221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4256436824798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38071107864379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37907373905181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.32164162397384644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23965713381767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12763667106628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10116162896156311}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8703597784042358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7730261087417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6888360977172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5761824250221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4256436824798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38071107864379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37907373905181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32164162397384644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23965713381767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12763667106628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10116162896156311}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040508","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09269982.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e5741a4db96421ea16ad29ccd660ac9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e5741a4db96421ea16ad29ccd660ac9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 215287-215298 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040508","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09269982.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1187051759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18DZ1200102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2123824332","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2574693319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SCST 15DZ2270400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3838955865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61671301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5396974013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18DZ1200102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1423052447","https://openalex.org/W1432778544","https://openalex.org/W1515675218","https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2036672508","https://openalex.org/W2040252051","https://openalex.org/W2041287972","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2082639035","https://openalex.org/W2091706746","https://openalex.org/W2109005286","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2146761479","https://openalex.org/W2259391824","https://openalex.org/W2272804037","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2342863993","https://openalex.org/W2517286729","https://openalex.org/W2578642529","https://openalex.org/W2596319265","https://openalex.org/W2615403133","https://openalex.org/W2735854379","https://openalex.org/W2740385326","https://openalex.org/W2779516507","https://openalex.org/W2785231497","https://openalex.org/W2801974178","https://openalex.org/W2803170239","https://openalex.org/W2899397638","https://openalex.org/W2920587536","https://openalex.org/W2970646417","https://openalex.org/W2991873439","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4254313632","https://openalex.org/W6767447859"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W4200589288","https://openalex.org/W2134520490","https://openalex.org/W4380894509","https://openalex.org/W4224872188","https://openalex.org/W4285223123","https://openalex.org/W4386970495"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,35,132],"the":[2,14,37,43,56,74,95,162,171],"high":[3,141],"power":[4],"consumption":[5],"and":[6,71,110],"hardware":[7],"cost":[8],"of":[9,39,76,161],"radio":[10],"frequency":[11],"(RF)":[12],"chains,":[13],"conventional":[15],"fully-digital":[16],"beamforming":[17,31,50,79,101,168],"will":[18],"be":[19],"impractical":[20],"for":[21],"large-scale":[22],"antenna":[23],"systems":[24],"(LSAS).":[25],"To":[26],"address":[27,94],"this":[28,90],"issue,":[29],"hybrid":[30,49,78,100,167],"has":[32,64,80,139],"been":[33,82],"proposed":[34,131,150,163,172],"reduce":[36],"number":[38],"RF":[40],"chains.":[41],"However,":[42],"fully-connected":[44],"structure":[45,58],"assumed":[46],"in":[47,68,86,113],"most":[48],"schemes":[51],"is":[52,130],"still":[53],"cost-intensive.":[54],"Recently,":[55],"partially-connected":[57,77,99],"employing":[59],"notably":[60],"fewer":[61],"phase":[62],"shifters":[63],"received":[65],"considerable":[66],"attention":[67],"both":[69],"academia":[70],"industry.":[72],"But":[73],"design":[75,102],"not":[81],"fully":[83],"understood,":[84],"especially":[85],"multi-user":[87,115],"systems.":[88],"In":[89],"article,":[91],"we":[92],"directly":[93],"challenging":[96],"non-convex":[97],"non-smooth":[98],"problem":[103],"with":[104,179],"individual":[105],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[106],"ratio":[107],"(SINR)":[108],"constraints":[109,112],"unit-modulus":[111],"a":[114,127,134],"massive":[116],"multiple-input":[117],"multiple-output":[118],"(MIMO)":[119],"system.":[120],"An":[121],"iterative":[122],"alternating":[123],"algorithm":[124],"based":[125],"on":[126],"penalty":[128],"method":[129],"obtain":[133],"stationary":[135],"point,":[136],"which":[137],"inevitably":[138],"relatively":[140],"computational":[142,182],"complexity.":[143,183],"Thus,":[144],"two":[145],"low-complexity":[146,173],"algorithms":[147,164,174],"are":[148],"then":[149],"by":[151],"utilizing":[152],"matrix":[153],"approximation.":[154],"Numerical":[155],"results":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"significant":[158],"performance":[159,178],"gains":[160],"over":[165],"existing":[166],"algorithms.":[169],"Moreover,":[170],"can":[175],"achieve":[176],"near-optimal":[177],"dramatically":[180],"reduced":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}