{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3108159918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040155","title":"Metabolic Imaging Based Sub-Classification of Lung Cancer","display_name":"Metabolic Imaging Based Sub-Classification of Lung Cancer","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3108159918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040155","mag":"3108159918"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040155","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09270569.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09270569.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059432756","display_name":"Mustafa Bicakci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-2245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154391","display_name":"Hasan Kalyoncu University","ror":"https://ror.org/054g2pw49","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Bicakci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049989126","display_name":"O\u011fuzhan Ayy\u0131ld\u0131z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8473-9720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95293974","display_name":"Abdullah G\u00fcl University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdyy359","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95293974"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oguzhan Ayyildiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95293974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082103872","display_name":"Zafer Ayd\u0131n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7686-6298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95293974","display_name":"Abdullah G\u00fcl University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdyy359","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95293974"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zafer Aydin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95293974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076932466","display_name":"Alper Ba\u015ft\u00fcrk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5810-0643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87673952","display_name":"Erciyes University","ror":"https://ror.org/047g8vk19","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87673952"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alper Basturk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87673952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076112594","display_name":"Seyhan Kara\u00e7avu\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-6441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128276","display_name":"Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/03k7bde87","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128276"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyhan Karacavus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Health Sciences, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Health Sciences, \u0130stanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065967609","display_name":"B\u00fclent Y\u0131lmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2954-1217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95293974","display_name":"Abdullah G\u00fcl University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdyy359","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95293974"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bulent Yilmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95293974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059432756"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154391"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.3362,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94148802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"218470","last_page":"218476"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7599737048149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6199693083763123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5995020866394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.5958988666534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5902820229530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.5681986808776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5011622905731201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4733719229698181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adenocarcinoma","display_name":"Adenocarcinoma","score":0.47029802203178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.45332613587379456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.40602660179138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2548683285713196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.2125244438648224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.206671804189682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.11031302809715271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7599737048149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6199693083763123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5995020866394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.5958988666534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5902820229530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5681986808776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5011622905731201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4733719229698181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781182431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356033","display_name":"Adenocarcinoma","level":3,"score":0.47029802203178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.45332613587379456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.40602660179138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2548683285713196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.2125244438648224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.206671804189682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.11031302809715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040155","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09270569.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:94d565052cca48ff9a9c3d49af741534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/94d565052cca48ff9a9c3d49af741534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 218470-218476 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.hku.edu.tr:20.500.11782/2216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11782/2216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196685","display_name":"DSpace-HK\u00dc (Hasan Kalyoncu University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210154391","host_organization_name":"Hasan Kalyoncu University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154391"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3040155","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09270569.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8617059996","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"113E188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108159918.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108159918.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1408981388","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1910102824","https://openalex.org/W1934194058","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W2047028564","https://openalex.org/W2054930937","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097475056","https://openalex.org/W2101927907","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2109737228","https://openalex.org/W2111547563","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2129860849","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2146739527","https://openalex.org/W2150218084","https://openalex.org/W2251438188","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2401520370","https://openalex.org/W2466033276","https://openalex.org/W2542707222","https://openalex.org/W2555803041","https://openalex.org/W2564018391","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2682360066","https://openalex.org/W2743008510","https://openalex.org/W2795008422","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2946297791","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W3001683732","https://openalex.org/W3004643513","https://openalex.org/W3047004393","https://openalex.org/W3098977020","https://openalex.org/W4255455317","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640386929","https://openalex.org/W6674330103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W4378678253","https://openalex.org/W2911497689","https://openalex.org/W4360783045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lung":[0],"cancer":[1,7,15],"is":[2,11,188,234],"one":[3],"of":[4,31,59,77,86,109,194,202,212,226,243],"the":[5,64,75,129,155,181,200,210,223],"deadliest":[6],"types":[8],"whose":[9],"84%":[10],"non-small":[12],"cell":[13,38],"lung":[14,252],"(NSCLC).":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18,232,263,282],"study,":[19],"deep":[20,215,245,256,270],"learning-based":[21,216],"classification":[22,85,159,225],"methods":[23,147],"were":[24,61,66,70,148,161,177],"investigated":[25],"comprehensively":[26],"to":[27,73,137,150,179,184,190,199,222],"differentiate":[28],"two":[29],"subtypes":[30],"NSCLC,":[32],"namely":[33],"adenocarcinoma":[34],"(ADC)":[35],"and":[36,63,93,104,131,145,163,171,173,204,241],"squamous":[37],"carcinoma":[39],"(SqCC).":[40],"The":[41,158],"study":[42,233],"used":[43,149,178],"1457":[44],"<sup":[45],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[46],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">18</sup>":[47],"F-FDG":[48],"PET":[49,81,229],"images/slices":[50],"with":[51],"tumor":[52,130],"from":[53],"94":[54],"patients":[55],"(88":[56],"men),":[57],"38":[58],"which":[60],"ADC":[62],"rest":[65],"SqCC.":[67],"Three":[68],"experiments":[69],"carried":[71],"out":[72],"examine":[74],"contribution":[76],"peritumoral":[78,195],"areas":[79],"in":[80,111,228,262,269,273,281],"images":[82,110],"on":[83,248],"subtype":[84,224],"tumors.":[87],"We":[88],"assessed":[89],"multilayer":[90],"perceptron":[91],"(MLP)":[92],"three":[94,107],"convolutional":[95],"neural":[96],"network":[97],"(CNN)":[98],"models":[99,160,203,217,247,258,272],"such":[100],"as":[101,284],"SqueezeNet,":[102],"VGG16":[103],"VGG19":[105],"using":[106,139],"kinds":[108],"these":[112],"experiments:":[113],"1)":[114],"Whole":[115],"slices":[116],"without":[117],"cropping":[118],"or":[119],"segmentation,":[120],"2)":[121],"cropped":[122],"image":[123,134],"portions":[124,135],"(square":[125],"subimages)":[126],"that":[127,192,266],"include":[128],"3)":[132],"segmented":[133],"corresponding":[136],"tumors":[138],"random":[140],"walk":[141],"method.":[142],"Several":[143],"optimizers":[144],"regularization":[146],"optimize":[151],"each":[152],"model":[153],"for":[154,251],"diagnostic":[156],"classification.":[157],"trained":[162],"evaluated":[164],"by":[165],"performing":[166],"stratified":[167],"10-fold":[168],"cross":[169],"validation,":[170],"F-score":[172],"area-under-curve":[174],"(AUC)":[175],"metrics":[176],"quantify":[180],"performance.":[182],"According":[183],"our":[185,213],"results,":[186],"it":[187],"possible":[189],"say":[191],"inclusion":[193],"regions/tissues":[196],"both":[197],"contributes":[198],"success":[201],"makes":[205],"segmentation":[206],"effort":[207],"unnecessary.":[208],"To":[209],"best":[211],"knowledge,":[214],"have":[218],"not":[219],"been":[220],"applied":[221],"NSCLC":[227],"imaging,":[230],"therefore,":[231],"a":[235],"significant":[236],"cornerstone":[237],"providing":[238],"thorough":[239],"comparisons":[240],"evaluations":[242],"several":[244],"learning":[246,257,271,275],"metabolic":[249],"imaging":[250],"cancer.":[253],"Even":[254],"simpler":[255],"are":[259],"found":[260],"promising":[261],"domain,":[264],"indicating":[265],"any":[267],"improvement":[268],"machine":[274],"community":[276],"can":[277],"be":[278],"reflected":[279],"well":[280],"domain":[283],"well.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
