{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3099657484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038858","title":"Health 4.0: On the Way to Realizing the Healthcare of the Future","display_name":"Health 4.0: On the Way to Realizing the Healthcare of the Future","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3099657484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038858","mag":"3099657484","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34976565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038858","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09262939.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09262939.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011612176","display_name":"Jameela Al\u2010Jaroodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1376-0052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178605575","display_name":"Robert Morris University","ror":"https://ror.org/03r24vd05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178605575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jameela Al-Jaroodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EngineeringRobert Morris University Moon PA 15108 USA","Department of Engineering, Robert Morris University, Moon, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1376-0052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EngineeringRobert Morris University Moon PA 15108 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178605575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Robert Morris University, Moon, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178605575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049919004","display_name":"Nader Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-0968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer ScienceInformation Systems, and Engineering, California University of Pennsylvania California PA 15419 USA","Department of Computer Science, Information Systems, and Engineering, California University of Pennsylvania, California, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-0968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer ScienceInformation Systems, and Engineering, California University of Pennsylvania California PA 15419 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Information Systems, and Engineering, California University of Pennsylvania, California, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047703687","display_name":"Eman AbuKhousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-0417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130844761","display_name":"MODUL University Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/04rrhkc58","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150545927","https://openalex.org/I3130844761"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman Abukhousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Media TechnologyModul University Dubai Dubai United Arab Emirates","New Media Technology, Modul University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-0417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Media TechnologyModul University Dubai Dubai United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614","https://openalex.org/I3130844761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Media Technology, Modul University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130844761"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":13.8775,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":218,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98893675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"211189","last_page":"211210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9556999802589417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9556999802589417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":0.9384999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.7122879028320312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.5161212682723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.49366506934165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47223636507987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.469830721616745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4429532289505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.42817431688308716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.41407862305641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.40913018584251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.35541588068008423}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.7122879028320312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5161212682723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.49366506934165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47223636507987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.469830721616745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4429532289505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.42817431688308716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.41407862305641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.40913018584251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.35541588068008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038858","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09262939.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34976565","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34976565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7a46d71f8c154d97a5853f7228aab58b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7a46d71f8c154d97a5853f7228aab58b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 211189-211210 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8675545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8675545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038858","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09262939.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3099657484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3099657484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78046672","https://openalex.org/W1418268680","https://openalex.org/W1504424801","https://openalex.org/W1515843482","https://openalex.org/W1529364663","https://openalex.org/W1608084235","https://openalex.org/W1658108174","https://openalex.org/W1943579973","https://openalex.org/W1969430747","https://openalex.org/W1972935240","https://openalex.org/W2004092838","https://openalex.org/W2005586231","https://openalex.org/W2025241052","https://openalex.org/W2031958382","https://openalex.org/W2039081126","https://openalex.org/W2049245328","https://openalex.org/W2067686534","https://openalex.org/W2070665593","https://openalex.org/W2086590104","https://openalex.org/W2086608200","https://openalex.org/W2086687976","https://openalex.org/W2091474364","https://openalex.org/W2098931293","https://openalex.org/W2099598740","https://openalex.org/W2100365039","https://openalex.org/W2100888767","https://openalex.org/W2101079350","https://openalex.org/W2112412705","https://openalex.org/W2120751691","https://openalex.org/W2125948620","https://openalex.org/W2131828530","https://openalex.org/W2135247538","https://openalex.org/W2135841300","https://openalex.org/W2140277770","https://openalex.org/W2150522456","https://openalex.org/W2283540384","https://openalex.org/W2295939521","https://openalex.org/W2300687008","https://openalex.org/W2339262930","https://openalex.org/W2341602580","https://openalex.org/W2399558526","https://openalex.org/W2555437757","https://openalex.org/W2568500449","https://openalex.org/W2568658310","https://openalex.org/W2569197105","https://openalex.org/W2569443199","https://openalex.org/W2570043697","https://openalex.org/W2594788700","https://openalex.org/W2598507018","https://openalex.org/W2621918435","https://openalex.org/W2624087903","https://openalex.org/W2737289719","https://openalex.org/W2768041267","https://openalex.org/W2795237059","https://openalex.org/W2801417501","https://openalex.org/W2803760227","https://openalex.org/W2804780212","https://openalex.org/W2807333228","https://openalex.org/W2868803977","https://openalex.org/W2884275320","https://openalex.org/W2891745995","https://openalex.org/W2908869190","https://openalex.org/W2910597635","https://openalex.org/W2921088707","https://openalex.org/W2921712020","https://openalex.org/W2922338351","https://openalex.org/W2924422373","https://openalex.org/W2943063718","https://openalex.org/W2947633495","https://openalex.org/W2953567942","https://openalex.org/W2954241205","https://openalex.org/W2963350351","https://openalex.org/W2963880131","https://openalex.org/W2966679901","https://openalex.org/W2973288775","https://openalex.org/W2974035685","https://openalex.org/W2979808856","https://openalex.org/W2990181228","https://openalex.org/W2996180485","https://openalex.org/W2996396177","https://openalex.org/W2998072527","https://openalex.org/W2998340595","https://openalex.org/W3003570749","https://openalex.org/W3005929894","https://openalex.org/W3006099874","https://openalex.org/W3006456063","https://openalex.org/W3011809643","https://openalex.org/W3018662283","https://openalex.org/W3033299453","https://openalex.org/W3037623004","https://openalex.org/W3040344899","https://openalex.org/W3043130532","https://openalex.org/W6603211439","https://openalex.org/W6631152087","https://openalex.org/W6636334166","https://openalex.org/W6695738354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390608645","https://openalex.org/W4247566972","https://openalex.org/W2960264696","https://openalex.org/W3090563135","https://openalex.org/W2497432351","https://openalex.org/W4206777497","https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W4233347783","https://openalex.org/W2910064364","https://openalex.org/W4255224757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Health":[0,23,67,124,140,157,163,283],"4.0":[1,68,73,125,141,158,164,284],"establishes":[2],"a":[3,128,168,220,253,258],"new":[4],"promising":[5],"vision":[6],"for":[7],"the":[8,20,59,64,71,76,82,85,99,123,153,182,212,264,268,273,282],"healthcare":[9,53,65,77,86,107,119,196,203],"industry.":[10,66],"It":[11],"creatively":[12],"integrates":[13],"and":[14,41,51,57,61,92,104,117,130,159,201,242,245,271],"employ":[15],"innovative":[16],"technologies":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19,209],"Internet":[21],"of":[22,106,156,171,185,223,228,232,275],"Things":[24],"(IoHT),":[25],"medical":[26],"Cyber-Physical":[27],"Systems":[28],"(medical":[29],"CPS),":[30],"health":[31,33],"cloud,":[32],"fog,":[34],"big":[35],"data":[36,240],"analytics,":[37],"machine":[38],"learning,":[39],"blockchain,":[40],"smart":[42],"algorithms.":[43],"The":[44],"goal":[45],"is":[46,127,219],"to":[47,55,80,111,262,267,278],"deliver":[48],"improved,":[49],"value-added":[50],"cost-effective":[52],"services":[54,108,224,266,277],"patients":[56],"enhance":[58,81],"effectiveness":[60],"efficiency":[62],"or":[63,235],"(adapted":[69],"from":[70],"Industry":[72],"principles)":[74],"changes":[75],"business":[78,236],"model":[79],"interactions":[83],"across":[84],"clients":[87],"(the":[88],"patients),":[89],"stakeholders,":[90],"infrastructure,":[91],"value":[93],"chain.":[94],"This":[95],"effectively":[96],"will":[97],"improve":[98],"quality,":[100],"flexibility,":[101],"productivity,":[102],"cost-effectiveness,":[103],"reliability":[105],"in":[109,177],"addition":[110],"increasing":[112],"patients'":[113],"satisfaction.":[114],"However,":[115],"building":[116],"utilizing":[118],"applications":[120,137,194,200,269,280],"that":[121,217,225],"follow":[122],"concept":[126],"non-trivial":[129],"complex":[131],"endeavor.":[132],"In":[133,148,207],"addition,":[134,208],"advanced":[135,161],"potential":[136,162],"based":[138,180],"on":[139,181],"capabilities":[142],"are":[143,249],"not":[144],"yet":[145],"being":[146],"investigated.":[147],"this":[149],"paper":[150],"we":[151,174,189,210,215,255],"define":[152],"main":[154],"objectives":[155],"discuss":[160],"applications.":[165,187,206],"To":[166],"have":[167,190],"clear":[169],"understanding":[170],"these":[172,186,218,226],"applications,":[173,193,214],"categorize":[175],"them":[176,229],"4":[178],"groups":[179],"primary":[183],"beneficiary":[184],"Thus":[188],"patient":[191],"targeted":[192],"supporting":[195,239],"professionals,":[197],"resource":[198],"management":[199,205],"high-level":[202],"systems":[204],"studied":[211],"different":[213,276],"realized":[216],"certain":[221],"collection":[222,241],"most":[227],"need":[230],"regardless":[231],"their":[233],"goals":[234],"context.":[237],"Services":[238],"transfer,":[243],"security":[244],"privacy,":[246],"reliable":[247],"operations":[248],"some":[250],"examples.":[251],"As":[252],"result":[254],"propose":[256],"creating":[257],"service-oriented":[259],"middleware":[260],"framework":[261],"offers":[263],"common":[265],"developers":[270],"facilitate":[272],"integration":[274],"build":[279],"under":[281],"umbrella.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}