{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3099676874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038624","title":"Cognitive Multi-Point Free Space Optical Communication: Real-Time Users Discovery Using Unsupervised Machine Learning","display_name":"Cognitive Multi-Point Free Space Optical Communication: Real-Time Users Discovery Using Unsupervised Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3099676874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038624","mag":"3099676874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038624","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09261333.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09261333.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077386015","display_name":"Federica Aveta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6724-9906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87208437","display_name":"University of Tulsa","ror":"https://ror.org/04wn28048","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federica Aveta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6724-9906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87208437","https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079246454","display_name":"Hazem H. Refai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9137-9594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87208437","display_name":"University of Tulsa","ror":"https://ror.org/04wn28048","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazem H. Refai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9137-9594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87208437","https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047351631","display_name":"Peter G. LoPresti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8705-1289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87208437","display_name":"University of Tulsa","ror":"https://ror.org/04wn28048","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter G. Lopresti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8705-1289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87208437"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5141,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82956949,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"207575","last_page":"207588"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9437000155448914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7888060212135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5768117904663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preamble","display_name":"Preamble","score":0.45370998978614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4259493947029114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.40640130639076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38201019167900085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37659895420074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34216058254241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1968148946762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17207074165344238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7888060212135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5768117904663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780691134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129448","display_name":"Preamble","level":3,"score":0.45370998978614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4259493947029114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40640130639076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38201019167900085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37659895420074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34216058254241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1968148946762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17207074165344238}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038624","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09261333.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:21f1e202d45b49928b8aacf6466bc02e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/21f1e202d45b49928b8aacf6466bc02e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 207575-207588 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038624","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09261333.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3099676874.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3099676874.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W387672264","https://openalex.org/W652892099","https://openalex.org/W1561055801","https://openalex.org/W1565377632","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W1984122100","https://openalex.org/W2022715733","https://openalex.org/W2111682468","https://openalex.org/W2147523569","https://openalex.org/W2166580510","https://openalex.org/W2213478599","https://openalex.org/W2290310634","https://openalex.org/W2415099516","https://openalex.org/W2483085136","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2546976942","https://openalex.org/W2592623756","https://openalex.org/W2594369284","https://openalex.org/W2741501686","https://openalex.org/W2744721343","https://openalex.org/W2745723384","https://openalex.org/W2781788077","https://openalex.org/W2784210264","https://openalex.org/W2789546260","https://openalex.org/W2789611500","https://openalex.org/W2790165588","https://openalex.org/W2790962380","https://openalex.org/W2794177101","https://openalex.org/W2912267671","https://openalex.org/W2920137272","https://openalex.org/W2925256740","https://openalex.org/W2950134062","https://openalex.org/W2962745529","https://openalex.org/W2964101383","https://openalex.org/W2964179321","https://openalex.org/W2980560047","https://openalex.org/W3103211661","https://openalex.org/W3142932297","https://openalex.org/W3162813377","https://openalex.org/W4293399083","https://openalex.org/W6625667212","https://openalex.org/W6681818570","https://openalex.org/W6728944833","https://openalex.org/W6734171139"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3131553538","https://openalex.org/W2369766703","https://openalex.org/W3204754495","https://openalex.org/W2392460115","https://openalex.org/W2391859761","https://openalex.org/W203335141","https://openalex.org/W2800943838","https://openalex.org/W2933135490","https://openalex.org/W4318562125","https://openalex.org/W2803019354"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-user":[0],"free-space":[1],"optical":[2],"communication":[3],"(FSOC)":[4],"is":[5],"beginning":[6],"to":[7,15,53,82,143,169,187],"draw":[8],"a":[9,73,111,196],"significant":[10],"attention":[11],"for":[12,76,97,178,210],"its":[13],"ability":[14],"support":[16,44],"increased":[17,49],"system":[18,50],"network":[19,81],"capacity":[20],"while":[21],"using":[22],"single":[23],"receiving":[24],"photodiode":[25],"and":[26,30,37,61,104,107,120,173],"satisfying":[27],"size,":[28],"weight,":[29],"power":[31],"(SWaP)":[32],"constraints":[33],"imposed":[34],"by":[35],"space-":[36],"aerial-based":[38],"mobile":[39],"communication.":[40],"Despite":[41],"these":[42],"advantages,":[43],"of":[45,85,101,148,160,191,203],"multi-user":[46],"capabilities":[47],"cause":[48],"complexity":[51],"due":[52],"accommodating":[54],"heterogenous":[55],"users":[56,102,124,151],"communications":[57],"with":[58,110,126,152],"varying":[59],"transmission":[60],"data":[62,171],"rate":[63,176,199],"requirements.":[64],"Machine":[65],"learning":[66],"(ML)":[67],"has":[68],"recently":[69],"been":[70],"considered":[71],"as":[72],"promising":[74],"approach":[75,117],"introducing":[77],"cognition":[78],"into":[79],"the":[80,86,99,138,146,158,189,201,204],"mitigate":[83],"some":[84],"complexity.":[87],"A":[88,114],"cognitive":[89],"method":[90],"based":[91],"on":[92,200],"unsupervised":[93],"ML":[94],"was":[95,118,141,167,185,208],"derived":[96,186],"estimating":[98],"number":[100,147],"communicating":[103],"sharing":[105],"time":[106],"bandwidth":[108],"resources":[109],"single-node":[112],"receiver.":[113],"weighted":[115],"clustering":[116],"introduced":[119],"experimentally":[121],"validated":[122,209],"when":[123],"received":[125],"similar":[127],"amplitude":[128],"information":[129],"that":[130,137],"results":[131,135],"in":[132,157],"underestimation.":[133],"Obtained":[134],"confirmed":[136],"proposed":[139],"methodology":[140],"able":[142],"accurately":[144],"differentiate":[145],"simultaneously":[149],"transmitting":[150],"accuracy":[153,202],"greater":[154],"than":[155],"92%-even":[156],"presence":[159],"moderate":[161],"atmospheric":[162],"turbulence.":[163],"An":[164],"experimental":[165],"analysis":[166],"conducted":[168],"determine":[170],"size":[172],"receiver":[174],"sampling":[175,198],"requirements":[177],"accurate":[179],"estimation.":[180,205],"Furthermore,":[181],"an":[182],"empirical":[183],"model":[184,207],"evaluate":[188],"effect":[190],"preamble":[192],"signal":[193],"length":[194],"given":[195],"particular":[197],"The":[206],"up-to":[211],"four":[212],"users.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
