{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3100120587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038190","title":"Two-Step Thresholds TBD Algorithm for Time Sensitive Target Based on Dynamic Programming","display_name":"Two-Step Thresholds TBD Algorithm for Time Sensitive Target Based on Dynamic Programming","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3100120587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038190","mag":"3100120587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038190","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09260247.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09260247.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034623158","display_name":"Yu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8564-4141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8564-4141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045092420","display_name":"Caipin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-8139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caipin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113484217","display_name":"Min Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3352-3145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734850","display_name":"Weiwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6985-2784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101305975","display_name":"Chongdi Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3487-3147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongdi Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051776018","display_name":"Xuyan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5901-2362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuyan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.2844,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69071192,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"209267","last_page":"209277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6713238954544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.636803388595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-repetition-frequency","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","score":0.5562295913696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-function","display_name":"Ambiguity function","score":0.5501757264137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.47438696026802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.4428207278251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.4321296215057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track-before-detect","display_name":"Track-before-detect","score":0.4143250584602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.41287943720817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4006868600845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3194773197174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26472997665405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.26460105180740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09962177276611328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6713238954544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.636803388595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182862853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575887","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","level":3,"score":0.5562295913696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50878840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3206297","display_name":"Ambiguity function","level":4,"score":0.5501757264137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.47438696026802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4428207278251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.4321296215057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173028925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7831461","display_name":"Track-before-detect","level":4,"score":0.4143250584602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.41287943720817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4006868600845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3194773197174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26472997665405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.26460105180740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09962177276611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038190","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09260247.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a4c322f9e608498d9fc690de7c23e412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a4c322f9e608498d9fc690de7c23e412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 209267-209277 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038190","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09260247.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G608512089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701395","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3100120587.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3100120587.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002857245","https://openalex.org/W2043146474","https://openalex.org/W2045453610","https://openalex.org/W2073012450","https://openalex.org/W2129708101","https://openalex.org/W2169170471","https://openalex.org/W2230880509","https://openalex.org/W2320527540","https://openalex.org/W2420012150","https://openalex.org/W2612390273","https://openalex.org/W2796372414","https://openalex.org/W2918185132","https://openalex.org/W2955061647","https://openalex.org/W3080388638","https://openalex.org/W3081436664","https://openalex.org/W4239111070","https://openalex.org/W6684920812","https://openalex.org/W6765203470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2761209721","https://openalex.org/W3048445305","https://openalex.org/W2002857245","https://openalex.org/W1983393909","https://openalex.org/W3149067376","https://openalex.org/W2156588120","https://openalex.org/W2040845637","https://openalex.org/W2040150569","https://openalex.org/W2988321258","https://openalex.org/W2393784345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Surveillance":[0],"radar":[1],"is":[2,71,93,123,126,141,160],"confronted":[3],"with":[4],"serious":[5],"two-dimensional":[6,64],"ambiguity":[7,65,107,122],"(i.e.,":[8],"range":[9,106],"dimension":[10],"and":[11,14,45,67,89,109,154,180],"velocity":[12],"dimension)":[13],"low":[15,132],"signal-to-noise":[16],"ratio":[17],"(SNR)":[18],"problems":[19],"in":[20,31,73,95,131],"the":[21,32,39,42,46,60,77,82,86,90,96,105,110,118,136,145,156,164,172,176,181,198,206,209],"time":[22,113],"sensitive":[23],"(TS)":[24],"target":[25,35],"detection":[26,36,44,130],"process,":[27],"which":[28,125],"may":[29],"result":[30],"deterioration":[33],"of":[34,41,120,166,188,197,208],"performance.":[37],"Combining":[38],"advantages":[40],"intra-frame":[43],"inter-frame":[47],"detection,":[48,70],"a":[49,101],"novel":[50],"two-step":[51],"thresholds":[52],"track":[53],"before":[54],"detect":[55],"(TBD)":[56],"algorithm":[57],"based":[58,148],"on":[59,149],"integration":[61],"techniques,":[62],"i.e.,":[63],"resolution":[66],"multi-frame":[68],"joint":[69],"proposed":[72,210],"this":[74],"paper.":[75],"Firstly,":[76],"fusion":[78],"design":[79],"strategy,":[80],"including":[81],"pulse":[83,98],"repetition":[84],"frequency,":[85],"carrier":[87],"frequency":[88],"orthogonal":[91],"waveform,":[92],"adopted":[94],"transmitting":[97],"sequence.":[99],"As":[100],"result,":[102],"not":[103],"only":[104],"number":[108,159],"spatial":[111],"filling":[112],"are":[114,192],"reduced":[115,194],"synchronously,":[116],"but":[117],"decoupling":[119],"range-velocity":[121],"realized,":[124],"conductive":[127],"to":[128],"multi-target":[129],"SNR":[133],"environment.":[134],"Then,":[135],"first":[137],"level":[138],"adaptive":[139],"threshold":[140],"obtained":[142],"by":[143,195],"employing":[144],"judgment":[146],"criterion":[147],"cumulative":[150,167],"value":[151],"function":[152],"(CVF),":[153],"thus":[155],"false":[157,189],"trajectory":[158,178,183],"effectively":[161],"eliminated":[162],"from":[163],"perspective":[165],"amplitude.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"through":[170],"analyzing":[171],"inherent":[173],"relation":[174],"between":[175],"local":[177],"characteristics":[179,184],"global":[182],"comprehensively,":[185],"different":[186],"types":[187],"alarm":[190],"trajectories":[191],"further":[193],"means":[196],"polynomial":[199],"coefficient":[200],"variance":[201],"statistics.":[202],"Experimental":[203],"results":[204],"verify":[205],"effectiveness":[207],"algorithm.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}