{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3098116858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036994","title":"Blockchain as Key Enabling Technology for Future Electric Energy Exchange: A Vision","display_name":"Blockchain as Key Enabling Technology for Future Electric Energy Exchange: A Vision","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3098116858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036994","mag":"3098116858"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036994","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252887.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252887.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080027818","display_name":"Alvise Baggio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-9133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alvise Baggio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003164258","display_name":"Francesco Grimaccia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-9927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Grimaccia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080027818"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.936,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92867328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"205250","last_page":"205271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6282336711883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrification","display_name":"Electrification","score":0.5733142495155334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5353475213050842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5127028226852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.508955717086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.4866512715816498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4778413474559784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.466397225856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.45220139622688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"Decentralization","score":0.4496746361255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.43169718980789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.40685486793518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38319647312164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.35355135798454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3454170227050781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.222889244556427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21332085132598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1493874490261078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6282336711883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778324724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076056","display_name":"Electrification","level":3,"score":0.5733142495155334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5353475213050842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5127028226852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.508955717086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.4866512715816498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4778413474559784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.466397225856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.45220139622688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.4496746361255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.43169718980789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40685486793518066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38319647312164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.35355135798454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3454170227050781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.222889244556427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21332085132598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1493874490261078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036994","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252887.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75536643c6da42399c1485c3a68f02fb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75536643c6da42399c1485c3a68f02fb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 205250-205271 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1161161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1161161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:136683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/136683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402478","display_name":"INFM-OAR (INFN Catania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","host_organization_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036994","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252887.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321397","display_name":"ABB","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks5vt51"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3098116858.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3098116858.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133658108","https://openalex.org/W1482875841","https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2025143619","https://openalex.org/W2027833666","https://openalex.org/W2034634075","https://openalex.org/W2035362408","https://openalex.org/W2093268248","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2153292828","https://openalex.org/W2156967894","https://openalex.org/W2208476616","https://openalex.org/W2222845742","https://openalex.org/W2303594044","https://openalex.org/W2311531209","https://openalex.org/W2322318026","https://openalex.org/W2338383971","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2512564382","https://openalex.org/W2544437564","https://openalex.org/W2550088749","https://openalex.org/W2569201729","https://openalex.org/W2578476968","https://openalex.org/W2588722782","https://openalex.org/W2596115488","https://openalex.org/W2608926820","https://openalex.org/W2629433172","https://openalex.org/W2740545101","https://openalex.org/W2748692995","https://openalex.org/W2768475350","https://openalex.org/W2783275103","https://openalex.org/W2795180273","https://openalex.org/W2802219065","https://openalex.org/W2806168267","https://openalex.org/W2807909476","https://openalex.org/W2883125028","https://openalex.org/W2885846491","https://openalex.org/W2890309601","https://openalex.org/W2899357412","https://openalex.org/W2906025409","https://openalex.org/W2910988334","https://openalex.org/W2912303889","https://openalex.org/W2926987861","https://openalex.org/W2956074973","https://openalex.org/W2969883781","https://openalex.org/W2986949576","https://openalex.org/W2990579532","https://openalex.org/W3021581127","https://openalex.org/W3098532907","https://openalex.org/W3102661748","https://openalex.org/W3105714802","https://openalex.org/W3122406884","https://openalex.org/W3137220996","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3151869053","https://openalex.org/W4242908920","https://openalex.org/W4247400618","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6864400955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186336397","https://openalex.org/W2481378325","https://openalex.org/W2330351317","https://openalex.org/W3140943723","https://openalex.org/W3125369811","https://openalex.org/W2010376978","https://openalex.org/W1701640499","https://openalex.org/W1512425042","https://openalex.org/W2593427583","https://openalex.org/W2136076430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Our":[0],"energy":[1,10],"scenario":[2],"is":[3,90,240,271],"nowadays":[4],"shaped":[5],"by":[6,99,181],"progressive":[7],"electrification":[8],"of":[9,23,30,46,95,118,137,148,190,248,261,282],"final":[11],"use.":[12],"In":[13],"this":[14,124,179,225,234],"context,":[15],"electricity":[16,111],"networks":[17,112],"are":[18,72],"seeing":[19],"a":[20,43,93,105,129,169,174,183,194,283],"growing":[21],"multitude":[22],"distributed":[24,289],"assets":[25,50],"entering":[26],"from":[27],"the":[28,31,96,161,187,228,245,249,253,262,275,280],"edges":[29],"grid":[32,170,267],"and":[33,66,80,121,139,166,231,258,287],"acquiring":[34],"new":[35,119,125,140],"ICT":[36],"capabilities":[37],"that":[38],"were":[39],"limited":[40],"before":[41],"to":[42,75,92,114,123,152,177,242,278],"restricted":[44],"number":[45],"major":[47],"players.":[48],"Particularly,":[49],"like":[51],"Photovoltaic":[52],"Inverter":[53],"(PvI),":[54],"Electric":[55],"Vehicle":[56],"(EV)":[57],"chargers,":[58],"wind":[59],"turbines":[60],"controllers,":[61],"programmable":[62],"loads,":[63],"storage":[64],"systems,":[65],"other":[67],"Distributed":[68],"Energy":[69],"Resources":[70],"(DER)":[71],"now":[73],"able":[74],"communicate":[76],"through":[77],"different":[78],"technologies":[79],"make":[81],"conscious":[82],"choices":[83],"under":[84],"human-decisions":[85],"or":[86],"even":[87],"independently.":[88],"This":[89,156],"leading":[91],"decentralization":[94],"system's":[97],"view":[98],"increasing":[100],"single":[101],"actor":[102],"independence.":[103],"Notwithstanding,":[104],"problem":[106],"arises":[107],"when":[108],"current":[109],"centrally-managed":[110],"struggle":[113],"coordinate":[115],"massive":[116],"amounts":[117],"figures":[120,141],"adapt":[122],"decentralized":[126,130,195],"paradigm.":[127],"Therefore,":[128],"coordination-and-control":[131],"framework":[132,176],"will":[133],"ensure":[134],"better":[135],"integration":[136],"s":[138],"as":[142,219,274],"prosumers,":[143],"while":[144],"allowing":[145],"higher":[146],"exploitation":[147],"their":[149],"potential":[150],"compared":[151],"centrally":[153],"managed":[154],"systems.":[155],"article":[157,226],"seeks":[158],"in":[159,205,291],"Blockchains":[160],"enabling":[162],"technology":[163,270,277],"for":[164,222,265],"designing":[165],"supporting":[167,254],"such":[168],"infrastructure.":[171],"It":[172],"develops":[173],"first":[175],"address":[178],"need":[180],"envisioning":[182],"grid-system":[184],"based":[185],"on":[186,215],"direct":[188],"participation":[189],"nowadays-used":[191],"embedded-energy-devices":[192],"within":[193],"platform":[196,202,264],"hosting":[197],"specific":[198,246],"coordination":[199,290],"procedures.":[200],"The":[201,237],"was":[203],"developed":[204],"an":[206],"experimental":[207],"research":[208],"campaign":[209],"performed":[210],"at":[211],"ABB":[212],"Laboratories":[213],"basing":[214],"embedded-devices":[216],"currently":[217],"designed":[218],"control-connectivity":[220],"boards":[221],"smart-inverters.":[223],"Therefore":[224],"introduces":[227],"background":[229],"theory":[230],"reasons":[232],"behind":[233],"proposed":[235],"system.":[236],"intent":[238],"here":[239,273],"not":[241],"give":[243],"all":[244],"details":[247],"implementation,":[250],"but":[251],"introduce":[252],"reason,":[255],"high-level":[256],"design,":[257],"required":[259],"characteristic":[260],"Blockchain-based":[263],"coordinating":[266],"operations.":[268],"Blockchain":[269],"seen":[272],"appropriate":[276],"enable":[279,288],"realization":[281],"multi-actor":[284],"energy-management":[285],"system":[286],"power":[292],"grids.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}
