{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3102045859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036811","title":"Preserving Privacy in Mobile Health Systems Using Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proof and Blockchain","display_name":"Preserving Privacy in Mobile Health Systems Using Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proof and Blockchain","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3102045859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036811","mag":"3102045859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036811","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252935.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252935.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085186337","display_name":"Emerson B. Tomaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8513-3659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243754102","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03srtnf24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Emerson Barros Tomaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8513-3659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026103971","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Cl\u00e1udio do Nascimento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-5750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243754102","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03srtnf24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Claudio Do Nascimento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Engineering Department - Campus Sobral, Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, Brazil","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-5750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Engineering Department - Campus Sobral, Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055329164","display_name":"Abdelhakim Hafid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-7344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network Research Laboratory, Universit\u00e9de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada","Network Research Laboratory, Universit&#x00E9;de Montr&#x00E9;al, Montreal, QC, Canada","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-7344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Research Laboratory, Universit\u00e9de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network Research Laboratory, Universit&#x00E9;de Montr&#x00E9;al, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044440065","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Neuman de Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-8877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I243754102","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/03srtnf24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Neuman De Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-8877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I243754102"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.9154,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9829596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"204441","last_page":"204458"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mhealth","display_name":"mHealth","score":0.8148257732391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7165048122406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5817428827285767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.5360022187232971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5229631066322327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5207284092903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.47273293137550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.47183969616889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.4545527994632721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.42905229330062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4238925576210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.41482800245285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.36342358589172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.30305641889572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.21110567450523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15493518114089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.13264364004135132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779363104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069079","display_name":"mHealth","level":3,"score":0.8148257732391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7165048122406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5817428827285767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.5360022187232971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5229631066322327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5207284092903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.47273293137550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.47183969616889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.4545527994632721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.42905229330062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4238925576210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.41482800245285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.36342358589172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.30305641889572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21110567450523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15493518114089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.13264364004135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036811","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252935.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3d5c38db5434471b5adab0740d141b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3d5c38db5434471b5adab0740d141b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 204441-204458 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036811","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252935.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3102045859.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3102045859.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W236568224","https://openalex.org/W1231247499","https://openalex.org/W1498316612","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W1844512392","https://openalex.org/W1896093329","https://openalex.org/W1957954917","https://openalex.org/W1970606468","https://openalex.org/W1996360405","https://openalex.org/W2003736153","https://openalex.org/W2025654262","https://openalex.org/W2036378739","https://openalex.org/W2049382041","https://openalex.org/W2061719810","https://openalex.org/W2066536982","https://openalex.org/W2095708839","https://openalex.org/W2108072891","https://openalex.org/W2138001464","https://openalex.org/W2139910984","https://openalex.org/W2143549543","https://openalex.org/W2148808141","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2159456336","https://openalex.org/W2182452287","https://openalex.org/W2300687008","https://openalex.org/W2343300676","https://openalex.org/W2514994441","https://openalex.org/W2522448907","https://openalex.org/W2541134907","https://openalex.org/W2552699189","https://openalex.org/W2592035421","https://openalex.org/W2606473652","https://openalex.org/W2616934625","https://openalex.org/W2619568410","https://openalex.org/W2626709755","https://openalex.org/W2737699902","https://openalex.org/W2753280246","https://openalex.org/W2756359791","https://openalex.org/W2770987547","https://openalex.org/W2786151040","https://openalex.org/W2791935104","https://openalex.org/W2803948131","https://openalex.org/W2807792246","https://openalex.org/W2810011639","https://openalex.org/W2840752856","https://openalex.org/W2885280164","https://openalex.org/W2886899600","https://openalex.org/W2904351506","https://openalex.org/W2904846776","https://openalex.org/W2908737503","https://openalex.org/W2910128060","https://openalex.org/W2911995597","https://openalex.org/W2918245750","https://openalex.org/W2920733725","https://openalex.org/W2944933949","https://openalex.org/W2954552639","https://openalex.org/W3005929894","https://openalex.org/W3024823144","https://openalex.org/W3046129398","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6627963512","https://openalex.org/W6635298198","https://openalex.org/W6651121328","https://openalex.org/W6736994617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3090300519","https://openalex.org/W2514492205","https://openalex.org/W4250401876","https://openalex.org/W2943851981","https://openalex.org/W2566526749","https://openalex.org/W2907667791","https://openalex.org/W3047461507","https://openalex.org/W3126390843","https://openalex.org/W4245880644","https://openalex.org/W4312415459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,230],"advent":[1],"of":[2,35,82,195],"miniaturized":[3],"mobile":[4,40,53],"devices":[5,19,41,92,166,175],"with":[6,12,109,119,167,178,235],"wireless":[7],"communication":[8,88,97],"capability":[9],"and":[10,45,61,93,198,244],"integrated":[11],"biosensors":[13],"has":[14,62],"revolutionized":[15],"healthcare":[16],"systems.":[17],"can":[20,66,126],"be":[21,107],"used":[22],"by":[23,39,132,140,227,241],"individuals":[24],"as":[25,52],"wearable":[26],"accessories":[27],"to":[28,42,106,162],"collect":[29],"health":[30,47,54,219],"data":[31,129,138,200,220],"regularly.":[32],"This":[33,124],"type":[34],"medical":[36],"assistance":[37],"supported":[38],"monitor":[43],"patients":[44],"offer":[46],"services":[48],"remotely":[49],"is":[50,101,115,159,205,232],"known":[51],"(mHealth).":[55],"Although":[56],"mHealth":[57,74,122,165,181],"provides":[58],"many":[59],"benefits":[60],"become":[63],"popular,":[64],"it":[65,100,114],"pose":[67],"severe":[68],"privacy":[69,207,247],"risks.":[70],"Many":[71],"features":[72],"in":[73,208,216],"are":[75,225],"managed":[76,240],"through":[77],"a":[78,104,120,128,133,214,233],"smartphone.":[79,95],"Thus,":[80],"one":[81],"the":[83,90,94,110,179,185,189,193,209,218,242],"most":[84],"worrying":[85],"issues":[86,194],"involves":[87],"between":[89],"monitoring":[91],"When":[96],"uses":[98],"Bluetooth,":[99],"standard":[102,210],"for":[103],"device":[105],"paired":[108],"smartphone;":[111],"but":[112],"generally,":[113],"not":[116],"exclusively":[117,177],"associated":[118],"specific":[121],"app.":[123],"characteristic":[125],"allow":[127],"theft":[130],"attack":[131],"malicious":[134],"app":[135],"or":[136,223],"fake":[137],"injection":[139],"an":[141,150,245],"illegitimate":[142],"device.":[143],"To":[144,183],"address":[145,192],"this":[146],"issue,":[147],"we":[148,191,212],"present":[149,213],"authentication":[151],"scheme":[152,171,215],"based":[153],"on":[154,164],"Non-Interactive":[155],"Zero-Knowledge":[156],"Proof":[157],"that":[158,173],"lightweight":[160],"enough":[161],"run":[163],"minimal":[168],"resources.":[169],"Our":[170],"ensures":[172],"legitimate":[174],"interact":[176],"official":[180],"application.":[182],"ensure":[184],"patient's":[186],"privacy-preserving":[187],"throughout":[188],"system,":[190],"storing,":[196],"managing,":[197],"sharing":[199],"using":[201],"blockchain.":[202],"Since":[203],"there":[204],"no":[206],"blockchain,":[211],"which":[217],"transmitted,":[221],"stored,":[222],"shared":[224],"protected":[226],"Attribute-Based":[228],"Encryption.":[229],"outcome":[231],"system":[234],"fine-grained":[236],"access":[237],"control,":[238],"entirely":[239],"patient,":[243],"end-to-end":[246],"guarantee.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
