{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3102103566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036751","title":"Evaluating the Mental Workload During Robot-Assisted Surgery Utilizing Network Flexibility of Human Brain","display_name":"Evaluating the Mental Workload During Robot-Assisted Surgery Utilizing Network Flexibility of Human Brain","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3102103566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036751","mag":"3102103566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036751","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252079.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061678880","display_name":"Somayeh B. Shafiei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-6284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292894508","display_name":"Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0499dwk57","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Somayeh B. Shafiei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-6284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064436749","display_name":"Ahmed S. Elsayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7132-4585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292894508","display_name":"Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0499dwk57","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed S. Elsayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010264762","display_name":"Ahmed A. Hussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5727-9036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292894508","display_name":"Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0499dwk57","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Aly Hussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067824015","display_name":"Umar Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3049-4094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292894508","display_name":"Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0499dwk57","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umar Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3049-4094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041497751","display_name":"Khurshid A. Guru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4551-4676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292894508","display_name":"Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0499dwk57","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khurshid A. Guru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Technology Laboratory for Advanced Surgery (ATLAS), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061678880"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292894508"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82211416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"204012","last_page":"204019"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.812633216381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-multitasking","display_name":"Human multitasking","score":0.7293208241462708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.715080976486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5685255527496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4912530779838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4772648215293884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.4535435736179352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.41773927211761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.39245736598968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15848776698112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.12475714087486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08814296126365662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.812633216381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107418235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520565","display_name":"Human multitasking","level":2,"score":0.7293208241462708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.715080976486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5685255527496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4912530779838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4772648215293884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.4535435736179352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.41773927211761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39245736598968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15848776698112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.12475714087486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08814296126365662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036751","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:362b071a8f894558b8ddb3d9babc8f90","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/362b071a8f894558b8ddb3d9babc8f90","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 204012-204019 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036751","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09252079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306497","display_name":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0499dwk57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3102103566.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3102103566.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55018851","https://openalex.org/W744803762","https://openalex.org/W1482756065","https://openalex.org/W1483854707","https://openalex.org/W1607976681","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1680797894","https://openalex.org/W1701700827","https://openalex.org/W1907418661","https://openalex.org/W1923404803","https://openalex.org/W1983830994","https://openalex.org/W1989460737","https://openalex.org/W2011966906","https://openalex.org/W2018259906","https://openalex.org/W2023521272","https://openalex.org/W2025791332","https://openalex.org/W2028529728","https://openalex.org/W2050155490","https://openalex.org/W2051134452","https://openalex.org/W2052047948","https://openalex.org/W2056762027","https://openalex.org/W2072566913","https://openalex.org/W2090858180","https://openalex.org/W2098330912","https://openalex.org/W2122311608","https://openalex.org/W2127497215","https://openalex.org/W2142029338","https://openalex.org/W2143679330","https://openalex.org/W2151313489","https://openalex.org/W2152905082","https://openalex.org/W2290061114","https://openalex.org/W2531814123","https://openalex.org/W2544026297","https://openalex.org/W2557301950","https://openalex.org/W2568518337","https://openalex.org/W2602013458","https://openalex.org/W2675483914","https://openalex.org/W2734899559","https://openalex.org/W2793138952","https://openalex.org/W2807688261","https://openalex.org/W2962699674","https://openalex.org/W2962725064","https://openalex.org/W2976101205","https://openalex.org/W3080089411","https://openalex.org/W4250008682","https://openalex.org/W6602235344","https://openalex.org/W6621962909","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6685893538","https://openalex.org/W6739199536"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388263628","https://openalex.org/W4242930893","https://openalex.org/W3140336604","https://openalex.org/W2488058330","https://openalex.org/W1988895983","https://openalex.org/W4237084280","https://openalex.org/W2886487614","https://openalex.org/W4242426637","https://openalex.org/W2940047422","https://openalex.org/W2945572831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mental":[0],"Workload":[1],"(MWL)":[2],"is":[3,18,46],"traditionally":[4],"evaluated":[5],"by":[6],"psychophysiological":[7],"signals":[8],"using":[9,68,89],"spectral":[10],"analysis":[11],"and":[12,28,34,74,87,107,115,127,132],"event-related":[13],"potentials.":[14],"Robot-assisted":[15],"Surgery":[16],"(RAS)":[17],"a":[19,47,55,75],"complex":[20],"task":[21],"that":[22],"involves":[23],"human-robot":[24],"interaction,":[25],"multitasking,":[26],"quick":[27],"appropriate":[29],"reactions":[30],"to":[31,80],"various":[32],"stimuli":[33],"unforeseen":[35],"circumstances,":[36],"as":[37,39,101,103],"well":[38,102],"frequent":[40],"switches":[41],"between":[42],"surgical":[43,99,105],"subtasks.":[44],"There":[45],"lack":[48],"of":[49,120],"standardized":[50],"methodology":[51],"for":[52,141],"objectively":[53],"monitoring":[54,143],"surgeon's":[56],"MWL":[57,122],"during":[58],"RAS.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"study,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64],"an":[65,108,148],"innovative":[66],"framework,":[67],"dynamic":[69],"functional":[70],"brain":[71],"network":[72],"measurements":[73],"deep":[76],"convolutional":[77],"neural":[78],"network,":[79],"assess":[81],"MWL.":[82],"A":[83],"model":[84],"was":[85],"developed":[86],"validated":[88],"Electroencephalogram":[90],"(EEG)":[91],"data":[92],"from":[93],"22":[94],"trainees":[95],"who":[96,111],"performed":[97],"basic":[98],"tasks,":[100],"four":[104],"fellows":[106],"expert":[109],"surgeon":[110],"carried":[112],"out":[113],"cystectomies":[114],"prostatectomies.":[116],"The":[117,135],"resulting":[118],"accuracies":[119],"the":[121],"classification":[123],"into":[124],"low,":[125],"intermediate":[126],"high":[128],"were":[129],"93%,":[130],"89%,":[131],"91%":[133],"respectively.":[134],"proposed":[136],"method":[137],"can":[138],"be":[139],"used":[140],"continually":[142],"mental":[144],"workload":[145],"levels":[146],"in":[147],"objective":[149],"fashion.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}