{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3097711322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036491","title":"Intelligent Vision-Based Malware Detection and Classification Using Deep Random Forest Paradigm","display_name":"Intelligent Vision-Based Malware Detection and Classification Using Deep Random Forest Paradigm","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3097711322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036491","mag":"3097711322"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036491","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044023848","display_name":"S. Abijah Roseline","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Abijah Roseline","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032629337","display_name":"S. Geetha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6850-9423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Geetha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6850-9423","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002855381","display_name":"Seifedine Kadry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1939-4842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seifedine Kadry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1939-4842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056024500","display_name":"Yunyoung Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-9394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunyoung Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-9394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044023848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":12.1619,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99197128,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"206303","last_page":"206324"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9093000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.9244914054870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8676386475563049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6711248159408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6602727174758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5817934274673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5384492874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.4712831377983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4645516574382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-call","display_name":"System call","score":0.4325862526893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.42490899562835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.42208561301231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36331504583358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1397768259048462}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.9244914054870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8676386475563049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6711248159408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6602727174758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5817934274673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5384492874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.4712831377983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4645516574382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778579508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722192","display_name":"System call","level":2,"score":0.4325862526893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.42490899562835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.42208561301231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36331504583358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1397768259048462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26bb3612a4de4370bb0a16cec8940718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26bb3612a4de4370bb0a16cec8940718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 206303-206324 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3036491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583484179","https://openalex.org/W1661167618","https://openalex.org/W1956767865","https://openalex.org/W1996975221","https://openalex.org/W2005662348","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2012132268","https://openalex.org/W2030435604","https://openalex.org/W2037109870","https://openalex.org/W2043756236","https://openalex.org/W2073457560","https://openalex.org/W2079215333","https://openalex.org/W2099053789","https://openalex.org/W2099579348","https://openalex.org/W2106177700","https://openalex.org/W2128397999","https://openalex.org/W2131523719","https://openalex.org/W2144112223","https://openalex.org/W2151300580","https://openalex.org/W2163931946","https://openalex.org/W2237959143","https://openalex.org/W2267635142","https://openalex.org/W2425931228","https://openalex.org/W2520583395","https://openalex.org/W2548971154","https://openalex.org/W2587930273","https://openalex.org/W2766493169","https://openalex.org/W2782173654","https://openalex.org/W2783615536","https://openalex.org/W2790918693","https://openalex.org/W2792716682","https://openalex.org/W2795033129","https://openalex.org/W2796394805","https://openalex.org/W2889474744","https://openalex.org/W2908835234","https://openalex.org/W2931858311","https://openalex.org/W2949468774","https://openalex.org/W2950348902","https://openalex.org/W2963961561","https://openalex.org/W2969659874","https://openalex.org/W2980859170","https://openalex.org/W2981292756","https://openalex.org/W3038037918","https://openalex.org/W3049453934","https://openalex.org/W6640826072","https://openalex.org/W6681122466","https://openalex.org/W6746935165","https://openalex.org/W6749532364","https://openalex.org/W6751536121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573526548","https://openalex.org/W2053632570","https://openalex.org/W2965893286","https://openalex.org/W4389341938","https://openalex.org/W1602547571","https://openalex.org/W2810666735","https://openalex.org/W2991580804","https://openalex.org/W3211525895","https://openalex.org/W4254552916","https://openalex.org/W2609233367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malware":[0,9],"is":[1,44,52,72,136,152,222],"a":[2,45,131,143,155,198],"rapidly":[3],"increasing":[4],"menace":[5],"to":[6,19,58,84,93,231],"modern":[7],"computing.":[8],"authors":[10],"continually":[11],"incorporate":[12],"various":[13],"sophisticated":[14],"features":[15,68],"like":[16],"code":[17],"obfuscations":[18],"create":[20],"malware":[21,28,35,71,78,102,135,212,229],"variants":[22,36,56],"and":[23,64,109,118,121,141,184,204,210,227],"elude":[24],"detection":[25,29,79,103,199],"by":[26],"existing":[27],"systems.":[30],"The":[31,62,149,174,190,215],"classification":[32],"of":[33,66,88,164,201],"unseen":[34],"with":[37,54,96,186,197],"similar":[38],"characteristics":[39,163],"into":[40],"their":[41],"respective":[42],"families":[43],"significant":[46],"challenge,":[47],"even":[48],"if":[49],"the":[50,59,77,85,89,161,172,219],"classifier":[51,90],"trained":[53],"known":[55],"belonging":[57],"same":[60],"family.":[61],"identification":[63],"extraction":[65],"distinct":[67],"for":[69,75,206],"each":[70,99],"another":[73],"issue":[74],"generalizing":[76],"system.":[80],"Features":[81],"that":[82,159,218],"contribute":[83],"generalization":[86],"capability":[87],"are":[91,114],"difficult":[92],"be":[94],"engineered":[95],"modifications":[97],"in":[98,116,224],"malware.":[100,123],"Conventional":[101],"systems":[104],"employ":[105],"static":[106],"signature-based":[107],"methods":[108],"dynamic":[110],"behavior-based":[111],"methods,":[112],"which":[113],"inefficient":[115],"analyzing":[117],"detecting":[119],"advanced":[120,228],"zero-day":[122],"To":[124],"address":[125],"these":[126],"issues,":[127],"this":[128],"work":[129],"employs":[130],"visualization":[132],"approach":[133,158],"where":[134],"represented":[137],"as":[138],"2D":[139],"images":[140],"proposes":[142],"robust":[144],"machine":[145],"learning-based":[146],"anti-malware":[147],"solution.":[148],"proposed":[150,175,191,220],"system":[151,176],"based":[153],"on":[154],"layered":[156],"ensemble":[157],"mimics":[160],"key":[162],"deep":[165],"learning":[166],"techniques":[167,196],"but":[168],"performs":[169],"better":[170],"than":[171],"latter.":[173],"does":[177],"not":[178],"require":[179],"hyperparameter":[180],"tuning":[181],"or":[182],"backpropagation":[183],"works":[185],"reduced":[187],"model":[188,192],"complexity.":[189],"outperformed":[193],"other":[194],"state-of-the-art":[195],"rate":[200],"98.65%,":[202],"97.2%,":[203],"97.43%":[205],"Malimg,":[207],"BIG":[208],"2015,":[209],"MaleVis":[211],"datasets,":[213],"respectively.":[214],"results":[216],"demonstrate":[217],"solution":[221],"effective":[223],"identifying":[225],"new":[226],"due":[230],"its":[232],"diverse":[233],"features.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T09:04:40.226872","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
