{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096211615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3035327","title":"Machine Learning in the Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Machine Learning in the Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096211615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3035327","mag":"3096211615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3035327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3035327","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09246496.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09246496.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001687572","display_name":"Jack Tulloch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-4125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Tulloch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-4125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101763088","display_name":"Reza Zamani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3144-4846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Zamani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053553729","display_name":"Mohammad Akrami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2926-8022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Akrami","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2926-8022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.7461,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91296625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"198977","last_page":"199000"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9585999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.6349833011627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-foot","display_name":"Diabetic foot","score":0.5468958020210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scopus","display_name":"Scopus","score":0.517305850982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.49642354249954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.4467398524284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.4467223882675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-analysis","score":0.43497639894485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold-standard","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","score":0.41373783349990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3549809753894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3169727027416229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.2667887508869171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.11081129312515259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.0957304835319519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6349833011627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777858829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52856","display_name":"Diabetic foot","level":3,"score":0.5468958020210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83867959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371467","display_name":"Scopus","level":3,"score":0.517305850982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.49642354249954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.4467398524284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4467223882675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.43497639894485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.41373783349990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3549809753894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3169727027416229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.2667887508869171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.11081129312515259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0957304835319519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3035327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3035327","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09246496.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ore.exeter.ac.uk:10871/123507","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10871/123507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401998","display_name":"Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","host_organization_name":"University of Exeter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3013f287313c4114896b648f3433d367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3013f287313c4114896b648f3433d367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 198977-199000 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29774741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Machine_learning_in_the_prevention_diagnosis_and_management_of_diabetic_foot_ulcers_A_systematic_review/29774741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3035327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3035327","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09246496.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3096211615.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3096211615.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551266031","https://openalex.org/W1860882400","https://openalex.org/W1916779326","https://openalex.org/W1983922716","https://openalex.org/W1987246200","https://openalex.org/W1997444173","https://openalex.org/W2002618442","https://openalex.org/W2012451945","https://openalex.org/W2029237278","https://openalex.org/W2040390687","https://openalex.org/W2042667699","https://openalex.org/W2051546414","https://openalex.org/W2060737292","https://openalex.org/W2061979135","https://openalex.org/W2107638293","https://openalex.org/W2108229254","https://openalex.org/W2112877932","https://openalex.org/W2131769049","https://openalex.org/W2147674705","https://openalex.org/W2150716843","https://openalex.org/W2161971786","https://openalex.org/W2176653601","https://openalex.org/W2306220511","https://openalex.org/W2329479159","https://openalex.org/W2555943799","https://openalex.org/W2569214105","https://openalex.org/W2580781390","https://openalex.org/W2589048731","https://openalex.org/W2605973098","https://openalex.org/W2686368638","https://openalex.org/W2748141582","https://openalex.org/W2785704959","https://openalex.org/W2789806731","https://openalex.org/W2884946520","https://openalex.org/W2889841773","https://openalex.org/W2890781352","https://openalex.org/W2898800333","https://openalex.org/W2903971576","https://openalex.org/W2905440320","https://openalex.org/W2921535297","https://openalex.org/W2940854013","https://openalex.org/W2953230678","https://openalex.org/W2954074628","https://openalex.org/W2964263369","https://openalex.org/W2964274014","https://openalex.org/W2967307920","https://openalex.org/W2970322544","https://openalex.org/W2974726644","https://openalex.org/W2979932740","https://openalex.org/W2979957913","https://openalex.org/W2999315854","https://openalex.org/W3000115636","https://openalex.org/W4232795325","https://openalex.org/W4250173686","https://openalex.org/W4388747112","https://openalex.org/W6764954106","https://openalex.org/W6832912417"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389095033","https://openalex.org/W3140300071","https://openalex.org/W2018488738","https://openalex.org/W2552566180","https://openalex.org/W4210604288","https://openalex.org/W4233273178","https://openalex.org/W4380081217","https://openalex.org/W2120516750","https://openalex.org/W4294636802","https://openalex.org/W4392356175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"foot":[1],"ulcers":[2],"(DFUs)":[3],"are":[4,236,300],"a":[5,64,87,184],"serious":[6],"complication":[7],"for":[8,31,66,86,99,136,156,191,238,254,302],"people":[9],"with":[10,273],"diabetes.":[11],"They":[12],"result":[13],"in":[14,24,53,126,162,243,297,306],"increased":[15],"morbidity":[16],"and":[17,42,49,57,77,90,103,116,206,211,216,223,229,246,281,304],"pressures":[18],"on":[19,202],"health":[20,278],"system":[21],"resources.":[22],"Developments":[23],"machine":[25],"learning":[26],"(ML)":[27],"offer":[28],"an":[29,221],"opportunity":[30],"improved":[32],"care":[33,56,240],"of":[34,38,51,59,68,75,92,142,159,186,231,241,257,270,276],"individuals":[35],"at":[36,175],"risk":[37,217],"DFUs,":[39,60,115],"to":[40,62,107,112,180,226,291],"identify":[41],"synthesise":[43],"evidence":[44,290],"about":[45],"the":[46,54,82,132,168,239,255,266],"current":[47,274],"uses":[48],"accuracy":[50,138,154,178],"ML":[52,102,122,160,169,189,198,219,260,271,295],"interventional":[55],"management":[58],"and,":[61,253],"provide":[63],"reference":[65],"areas":[67],"future":[69,262],"research.":[70],"PubMed,":[71],"Google":[72],"Scholar,":[73],"Web":[74],"Science":[76],"Scopus":[78],"were":[79,145],"searched":[80],"using":[81,131,183],"Preferred":[83],"Reporting":[84],"Items":[85],"Systematic":[88],"Review":[89],"Meta-analysis":[91],"Diagnostic":[93],"Test":[94],"Accuracy":[95],"Studies":[96],"(PRISMA-DTA)":[97],"guidelines":[98],"papers":[100,144,152],"involving":[101],"DFUs.":[104],"In":[105],"order":[106],"be":[108],"included,":[109],"studies":[110,128,173],"needed":[111],"mention":[113],"ML,":[114],"report":[117],"relevant":[118],"outcome":[119],"measures":[120,155],"regarding":[121],"algorithm":[123,170,190],"accuracy.":[124],"Bias":[125],"included":[127,146],"was":[129],"assessed":[130],"quality":[133],"assessment":[134],"tool":[135],"diagnostic":[137],"(QUADAS-2).":[139],"37":[140],"out":[141],"3769":[143],"after":[147],"applying":[148],"eligibility":[149],"criteria.":[150],"Included":[151],"reported":[153,174,188],"multiple":[157],"types":[158],"algorithms":[161],"DFU":[163,203,298],"studies.":[164],"Whilst":[165],"varying":[166],"across":[167],"used,":[171],"all":[172],"least":[176],"90%":[177],"compared":[179],"gold":[181],"standards":[182,275],"minimum":[185],"one":[187],"processing":[192],"or":[193],"recording":[194],"data.":[195],"Applications":[196],"where":[197],"had":[199],"positive":[200],"effects":[201],"data":[204,214,232,284],"analysis":[205,215,228],"outcomes":[207],"include":[208],"image":[209],"segmentation":[210],"classification,":[212],"raw":[213],"assessment.":[218],"offers":[220],"effective":[222],"accurate":[224],"solution":[225],"guide":[227],"procurement":[230],"from":[233],"interventions":[234],"which":[235],"designed":[237],"DFUs":[242],"small":[244],"samples":[245],"study":[247],"conditions.":[248],"Current":[249],"research":[250,263],"is":[251,287],"limited,":[252],"development":[256],"more":[258],"applicable":[259],"algorithms,":[261],"should":[264],"address":[265],"following:":[267],"direct":[268],"comparison":[269],"applications":[272],"care,":[277],"economic":[279],"analyses":[280],"large":[282],"scale":[283],"collection.":[285],"There":[286],"currently":[288],"no":[289],"confidently":[292],"suggest":[293],"that":[294],"methods":[296],"diagnosis":[299],"ready":[301],"implementation":[303],"use":[305],"healthcare":[307],"settings.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
