{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3097958671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034603","title":"An Empirical Investigation of the Effectiveness of Optical Recognition of Hand-Drawn Business Process Elements by Applying Machine Learning","display_name":"An Empirical Investigation of the Effectiveness of Optical Recognition of Hand-Drawn Business Process Elements by Applying Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3097958671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034603","mag":"3097958671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034603","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09244157.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09244157.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023029214","display_name":"Gregor Polan\u010di\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-1010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37696226","display_name":"University of Maribor","ror":"https://ror.org/01d5jce07","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregor Polancic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-1010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070173004","display_name":"Slavica Jagecic","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slavica Jagecic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blocksi SAS, Maribor, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blocksi SAS, Maribor, Slovenia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073126225","display_name":"Katja Kous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2144-1780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37696226","display_name":"University of Maribor","ror":"https://ror.org/01d5jce07","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katja Kous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2144-1780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37696226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66168416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"206118","last_page":"206131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9708999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7942498922348022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6937193870544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-process","display_name":"Business process","score":0.5639652609825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.505200207233429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-process-discovery","display_name":"Business process discovery","score":0.45115506649017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.4400866627693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42333999276161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.42084455490112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3915824890136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-process-modeling","display_name":"Business process modeling","score":0.3261312246322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-in-process","display_name":"Work in process","score":0.2775406837463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12116259336471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12034186720848083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7942498922348022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6937193870544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85345410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851587","display_name":"Business process","level":3,"score":0.5639652609825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.505200207233429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93453677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1017580","display_name":"Business process discovery","level":5,"score":0.45115506649017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.4400866627693176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42333999276161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.42084455490112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3915824890136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207505557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4374012","display_name":"Business process modeling","level":4,"score":0.3261312246322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174998907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357662","display_name":"Work in process","level":2,"score":0.2775406837463379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12116259336471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12034186720848083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034603","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09244157.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b823ffb67720412a876d8368393ad83a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b823ffb67720412a876d8368393ad83a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 206118-206131 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2020.3034603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3034603","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/09244157.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G749772546","display_name":"Information systems","funder_award_id":"P2-0057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3097958671.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3097958671.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W153995636","https://openalex.org/W177385474","https://openalex.org/W1031889934","https://openalex.org/W1524071801","https://openalex.org/W1830186557","https://openalex.org/W1843425376","https://openalex.org/W1938970868","https://openalex.org/W1964614255","https://openalex.org/W1982367770","https://openalex.org/W2003910950","https://openalex.org/W2018748481","https://openalex.org/W2032487560","https://openalex.org/W2033404582","https://openalex.org/W2038696051","https://openalex.org/W2048461743","https://openalex.org/W2060580591","https://openalex.org/W2069955594","https://openalex.org/W2087331529","https://openalex.org/W2106345431","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2110143060","https://openalex.org/W2114571500","https://openalex.org/W2126408822","https://openalex.org/W2128143860","https://openalex.org/W2133785649","https://openalex.org/W2198918026","https://openalex.org/W2394052751","https://openalex.org/W2422152820","https://openalex.org/W2565019508","https://openalex.org/W2565262489","https://openalex.org/W2763323349","https://openalex.org/W2765524311","https://openalex.org/W2800130029","https://openalex.org/W2810085502","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2962889178","https://openalex.org/W2968979139","https://openalex.org/W3045882047","https://openalex.org/W4248947353","https://openalex.org/W4255421341","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4301118033","https://openalex.org/W4386920515","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6745675777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150478723","https://openalex.org/W4365511202","https://openalex.org/W2345053703","https://openalex.org/W4300560926","https://openalex.org/W2424740894","https://openalex.org/W2097547132","https://openalex.org/W3194914602","https://openalex.org/W2050159024","https://openalex.org/W2979752478","https://openalex.org/W2142618121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Business":[0],"process":[1,9,13,18,46,49,103,138],"diagrams":[2,37,80,139],"represent":[3],"an":[4,75],"essential":[5],"part":[6],"of":[7,23,45,54,74,78,115,135,144,158,166],"business":[8],"management":[10],"activities,":[11],"including":[12],"analysis,":[14],"process-related":[15],"communication,":[16],"and":[17,48,112,130],"automation.":[19],"While":[20],"the":[21,42,72,110,124,155],"majority":[22],"these":[24],"artifacts":[25,83],"are":[26,32,38,68],"produced":[27],"with":[28],"modeling":[29],"tools,":[30],"there":[31],"still":[33],"cases":[34],"where":[35],"hand-drawn":[36,56,79,137],"created,":[39],"especially":[40],"in":[41,95,123],"initial":[43],"phases":[44],"discovery":[47],"innovation":[50],"activities.":[51],"The":[52,120],"transformation":[53,77],"a":[55],"diagram":[57],"to":[58,100],"digital":[59,82],"format":[60],"often":[61],"presents":[62],"several":[63],"challenges.":[64],"Thus,":[65],"our":[66],"efforts":[67],"directed":[69],"towards":[70],"investigating":[71],"effectiveness":[73],"automatic":[76],"into":[81],"utilizing":[84],"optical":[85],"character":[86,117],"recognition.":[87],"To":[88],"this":[89],"aim,":[90],"we":[91],"performed":[92],"empirical":[93],"research":[94],"which":[96,105],"subjects":[97],"were":[98,106],"instructed":[99],"redraw":[101],"standardized":[102],"elements,":[104],"afterward":[107],"used":[108],"for":[109],"training":[111],"testing":[113],"set":[114],"machine-learning-based":[116],"recognition":[118],"application.":[119],"findings":[121],"obtained":[122],"analysis":[125],"showed":[126],"that":[127],"TensorFlow":[128],"based":[129],"trained":[131],"solution":[132],"is":[133],"capable":[134],"identifying":[136],"elements":[140],"on":[141],"different":[142],"levels":[143],"accuracy.":[145],"These":[146],"insights":[147],"may":[148],"be":[149],"considered":[150],"when":[151],"specifying":[152],"or":[153],"adapting":[154],"visual":[156,162],"vocabularies":[157],"notations":[159],"assuring":[160],"appropriate":[161],"distances":[163],"between":[164],"depictions":[165],"individual":[167],"elements.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-13T07:31:44.756512","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
